Identifying Women With Dense Breasts At High Risk For...

This paper explores two articles Identifying Women with Dense Breasts at High Risk for Interval Cancer (2015), how certain states have laws that the doctors need to tell the women if they have dense breast or not. If the women do have dense breast that they have to get supplemental imaging because when women do have dense breast they are at a higher risk of getting cancer. Also, Elevated Expression of HABP1 Is Correlated with Metastasis and Poor Survival in Breast Cancer Patients (2015), Hyaluronan-binding protein 1 (HABP1) is a protein with a high affinity of HA and is shown to have regulated in the cancer cells. When silencing the HABP1 it doesn’t allow the migration of breast cancer cell lines. In the article, Identifying Women with Dense Breasts at High Risk for Interval Cancer, it explains how that there are twenty-one states that passed a law on how women are to notified if they have dense breast and that they also need to be able to discuss supplemental imaging with their doctor. The doctors want to have direct discussions of supplemental imaging by determining which combinations of breast cancer risk and Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System are associated with breast density categories because of the fact that interval cancer rates are so high. By having high density risk can really be scaring, but it also can cause mask tumors and decrease the sensitivity of a mammography which is not good at all. In the twenty-one states that passed the law are the onlyShow MoreRelatedSocm Study Guide Essay30404 Words   |  122 Pagesmolecules that do not contain carbon atoms. (except carbon dioxide) 7 Explain how chemical properties of water make life possible * Water is an excellent solvent – most chemical reactions in the body take place in solution * Water has a high heat capacity – stays a liquid and helps move energy (heat) * Water is an essential reactant in chemical reactions of living systems – released by synthesis and absorbed during decomposition 8 Describe the physiological role of inorganic compoundsRead MoreMethods of Qualitative of Data Collection19658 Words   |  79 Pagesand affect in addition to her words. It is, however, a method that requires a great deal of the researcher. Discomfort, uncomfortable ethical dilemmas and even danger, the difficulty of managing a relatively unobtrusive role, and the challenge of identifying the big picture while finely observing huge amounts of fast-moving and complex behavior are just a few of the challenges. Whether a researcher is simply observing from afar or finding a participant-observer role in the setting, some contexts mayRead MoreBrand Building Blocks96400 Words   |  386 Pageseffective packaging or marketing. Given these characteristics, they enjoyed only temporary sales spurts during recessionary times. No more. While still offering so-called price brands, retailers are also increasingly offering private label brands at the high end of the business. Such brands are competitive with national brands in quality and marketing support but have substantial cost advantages - in part because the cost of the brand management team, sales force, and advertising is lower and can be spreadRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesSelf-Awareness 84 Communist Prison Camp 84 Computerized Exam 85 Decision Dilemmas 86 SKILL PRACTICE 89 Exercises for Improving Self-Awareness Through Self-Disclosure 89 Through the Looking Glass 89 Diagnosing Managerial Characteristics 90 An Exercise for Identifying Aspects of Personal Culture: A L earning Plan and Autobiography 92 SKILL APPLICATION 95 Activities for Developing Self-Awareness 95 Suggested Assignments 95 Application Plan and Evaluation 95 SCORING KEYS AND COMPARISON DATA 97 Self-Awareness Assessment

Corrections Timeline Essay - 890 Words

Correctional timeline This essay is going to show the development with four eras of the correctional system. The four eras that will be discussed with be: 1800, 1960, 1980 and 2000. For each era we will go over the description of the holding or monitoring of the offenders, the treatment and punishment of the offenders and the influences of the particular era on today’s correctional system. The conclusion will discuss the most beneficial era to the correctional system, as well as, recommendations for ways in which the current correctional system could be improved upon. Penitentiary era 1800’s With the ideas of The Age of Enlightenment growing in popularity, a new concept of criminal punishment came into play; the penitentiary. The†¦show more content†¦In 1839, the County of Chester built its first off site jail at Market and New Street in West Chester, Pennsylvania. This structure subsequently underwent alteration and additions up until 1941. This Prison was modeled after the Walnut Street jails in Philadelphia the first County institution which was built in 1770. The only differences were the sanitary provisions, beds and heating for each cell. 1862 – A cabinet shop is opened in the prison. In the next ten years, the prison will add a shoe shop, a tailor shop, a wagon factory, and an expansion to the cabinet shop for other furniture and chairs. By 1878, the revenues will be sufficient to allow the prison to run without drawing appropriations from the state’s treasury. A knitting industry is added in 1893, a twine plant in 1912, a cannery in 1915, a license plate operation in 1917, a print shop in the early 1920s, and a laundry in 1940. The laundry, license plate, wood and metal furniture, printing and signage, silk-screening, and tailoring operations survive to this day at the prison. Community Era 1960’s to 1980 During this era there were lot of Development of behavioral techniques in 1930s and 1940s brought about concept of treatment in prisons. â€Å"Correctional Facilities.† Treatment based on â€Å"medical model.† Individual and group therapy programs evolved. Neurosurgery- Used to control aggressive behavior and destructive urges –Show MoreRelatedCorrections Timeline2539 Words   |  11 PagesCJ121 – Corrections 14 JUL 2010 Corrections Timeline This narrative will illustrate a timeline depicting four eras within the correctional system of America. The eras that I will be discussing are: 1800, 1920-1950, 1990, and 2000’s. For each era, the following items will be described: the history and development, treatment and punishment of the offenders, the description of the holding and monitoring of the offenders. 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Various Approaches Of Quality Management Large Organizations

Question: Discuss about the Various Approaches Of Quality Management That Are Practiced In Large Organizations Like Toyota? Answer: Introduction: In this paper, the various strategies that need to be implemented in Toyota, so as to improve the existing quality management system, have been discussed in details. a. Definitions of quality The quality of any service or product provided by a business organization refers to the perception of quantifying the degree of satisfaction that customers have in terms of using the products of the organization or the services of the organization. The key to achieve a high quality in terms of products and service is to design and develop the products being made available to the customers in such a way that the end products are able to meet the expectations of the customers. However, it should be mentioned that quality has no special meaning until and unless it is associated or related to any specific object, product and/ or functionality of the business procedure: quality is nothing but a conditional perception that can be considered as an attribute of an object or product, in spite of being somewhat subjective. The interpretation of the term quality in context of business kept on changing with time. Thus, the term quality can be defined in various ways, some of which have been described in the following section: The American Society for Quality defines quality as term that can be used subjectively by each and every other person, depending on the personal definition of the term (Myer, 2003). However, in general, term quality can be thought of having two meanings, when used in technical aspects: on one hand it can be considered as those characteristics of the services and products that have the ability to satisfy the needs of the customers, according to the specifications being provided. On the other hand, quality can also be considered as a product or service which is free of deficiencies. Peter Drucker defines quality as the utilities that are available to a customer from the purchase of any product or service: and the quantification of quality can be done by gathering the information that how much exactly the customers are willing to pay to avail the utilities (Hunt, 2009). The ISO 9000 standards define quality as the extent to which a product or a set of services are able to meet the requirements of the customers: where the word requirement is used in a dual sense, to mean the expectation of the customers or their specific needs (International standards desk reference: your passport to world markets, ISO 9000, CE Mark, QS-9000, SSM, ISO 14000, Q 9000, American, European, and global standards systems, 2007). However, the Six Sigma rule defines quality to be the quantity of defects present in each million of opportunities (Snee, 2010). The first two definitions mentioned above consider quality to be a subjective attribute used to define an object; only the ISO 9000 and the Six Sigma standards can be used to quantify quality. However, in manufacturing industry, although the designs are developed keeping in mind the specific requirements of the customers, yet each and every product has to pass through various testing phases that aim at eliminating any defective part from being incorporated in a finished product. Thus the Six Sigma standard should be used by Toyota. b.Processes of inspection and assurance The movement for developing quality products can be traced back to the 13th century Europe where guilds were being formed for the purpose of quality checking. The Industrial Revolution of the 1800s further emphasized the need of proper quality checks of the products being manufactured and from the early 1900s, quality practices were being considered as an essential aspect of product development. However, the various standards of total quality management were being formulated only after the Japanese quality movement started post World War II (Wong and Li, 2010). Various methods are put to use in the process of inspecting products and providing the assurance of quality, some of which have been discussed in the following section. Quality Planning: This process is used to identify specific quality standards that would be confirmed to while manufacturing a product, besides determining the processes that should be used to satisfy the specifications mentioned in the standards (Chung Sea Law, 2010). Quality Assurance: the process using which the overall performance of the production system is measured or evaluated, besides providing the assurance that the characteristics of the products will adhere to chosen quality standard is known as quality assurance (Chung Sea Law, 2010). The evaluation of the entire process of production is performed using various tools and techniques, besides the implementation of quality audits. Quality Control: In this stage, the products and/or services provided by the organization are monitored so as to determine whether they conform to the associated quality standards. Various methods are used for the process of quality control of a product, some of them being Pareto diagrams, statistical sampling, trend analysis etc (McDowall, 2006). Total Quality Management: TQM refers to the process of implementing various quality improvement strategies throughout all the operational activities of an organization, like that of planning, field testing, designing, training, auditing etc (Steensen, 2010). The BS 5750 is a British Standard of excellence used in evaluate the process of quality management; it had been originally designed as an engineering standard, but currently is being applied to other industries, like that of hospitality, food and beverages, etc. The ISO 9002 is model developed by the International Organization for Standardization, so as to assure the standard of quality in the production industry, the installation industry and the servicing industry. These two standards are widely being used by organizations for their quality control processes. c.Quality management approaches Edward Deming (1986) was of the opinion that quality should be considered as anything the customer requires or expects from a product or service he or she is paying for (Taggart, 2011). Deming had propagated a Plan Do Check Act (PDCA) cycle which aims at producing goods and services of high quality to meet the expectations of the customers (Bayes et al., 1963). Joseph Juran is widely known for his principle of "Quality Trilogy": a process made up of three stages namely planning of quality, improvement of quality, and control of quality (Wood and Wood, 2005, De Feo and Barnard, 2004). According to Ishikawa, the employees of an organization have a major role in the process of quality control of the organization, keeping in mind that relying overly on the quality o the professionals might reduce the scope improvement (Lighter, Fair and Lighter, 2004). According to this theory, quality control should be implied on the company itself, the management, and the human resources and so on and so forth (Bradley and Thompson, 2000). According to Phillip Crosby, quality should be defined as the adherence to the requirements of the customers and the prevention of wastage should be considered as the first step towards quality management. The above mentioned strategies have been compared in the following section: Guru Definitions of Quality Emphasis Dominant factor Deming Customer led Process Control of variation Juran Customer led People and Process Fitness for use Ishikawa Value led People and Process Companywide quality control Phillip Crosby Supply led Performance and process Conformance to requirements Toyota has been experiencing issues on different models of their products for the past few financial years, which indicates that the fault lies somewhere within the operational activities used to design and develop the products. Thus, Ishikawas model of quality management should be implemented by Toyota to win back the faith of customers. a.Customer satisfaction Customer satisfaction can be defined as the degree to which the customers feel happy and/ or satisfied with the products or services that they have purchased form an organization. It is generally found that customers feel satisfied when a product or service along with being pocket friendly, meets their specific requirements and delivers all those utilities that have been promised by the manufacturer (Barlow and Mller, 2008). Any organization can increase the level of customer satisfaction through the application of following strategies: Providing better information: Providing better and helpful information about the technologies used in the products and/or the services, and their utilities results in raising the level of customer satisfaction (Inghilleri and Solomon, 2010). Improved quality of products: Providing the customers with goods and services of higher qualities, as compared to the same commodities being manufactured by competitor companies, ensures that the customers will be satisfied with the organization. After sales services: The availability of high quality after sales services ensures a high level of customer satisfaction. Presently, most manufacturing organizations provide the details of their products, the various technologies used in these products and the services that are available on the purchase of these products on their official websites. Thus customers have an easy access to all such information, comparing which they can decide on which product or service to choose. Thus, in todays world of information technology, the only strategy which organizations can move win the competition with their competitors is by providing higher quality products and services (GuÃÅ'ˆngoÃÅ'ˆr, 2007). b.Continuous quality improvement A continuous improvement process can be thought of s a series of ongoing efforts that aim at improving the products and the services that are being made available to the customers or processes that are used to design and develop such product and services (Chrupcala, Edwards and Spatz, 2015). Such efforts become instrumental in the achievement of "Incremental" improvements over long period of time or achieving "breakthrough" improvements within a stipulated time period. W. Edwards Deming was the first who propagated such a developmental procedure, in which the effectiveness and efficiency of the product and/or service delivery systems are constantly being evaluated and improved based on the feedback available from the customers and the estimation of the condition of the market. This strategy is also known as Kaizen, a Japanese word which means changing for good (McFadden, Stock and Gowen, 2015). The kaizen methodology follows sis major steps that can be used to ensure continuous quality improvement (McLean, Antony and Dahlgaard, 2015): Step1: Discovering improvement potential: Toyota should focus on those small aspects of their operational activities that have a significant effect on the production of cars. Bringing about minor changes in those aspects could result in a major improvement of the entire system. Step2: Analyze current methods: The processes currently being utilized in the identified operational activities should be critically analyzed. Step3: Generating ideas: The organization should work on original ideas that could improve the methods currently being used. In the next step, these ideas should be implemented within the scope of a pilot project, and efficiency of the pilot project should be well analyzed before implementing the changes throughout the production system. c.Value added services: Added value can be considered as the difference in the value of the raw materials that are used for production and that of the finished product available from the production line. From the marketing point of view, those values that when added to a product creates a brand value for the commodity arte considered to be the added value of that particular service or product. In general, the brand values of products or services are improved by enhancing the technologies incorporated in the products or services, the designs used, the methodologies used to develop the products and the utilities available from the products or services (Hargitai, 2002). The values that are added to various products and services are of the following types: Quality Added Value: Adds use of convince or other desirable characteristics to the product. Environmental Added Value: Employment of methods and processes that is not harmful to the environment. Cause-related added value: Products or services that donate a part of the generated sales revenue to some social cause. Cultural added value: Products that are designed and developed using methods that meet the requirements of customers having distinct cultural values. Toyota could include such designs or features in their cars that would be beneficial for the disabled people, thus incorporating quality added values to their products. Reducing the amount of waste created by their production system would help in the incorporation of environmental value in their products (Thomas, 2003). d.Availability of information: On their official website, Toyota makes available the following types of information (Wang et al., 2005): The details of all the products that the company manufactures. The details of the technologies used in the products. The after sales Quick services available to the customers. The various authorized service centers and show rooms of the organization The details of those organizations that would provide financial help to those customers who purchase Toyota products. The information provided by the organization helps the customers to compare products before purchasing and to collect the details of the showrooms and the other such facilities beforehand. Effective marketing can be considered as the quality by virtue of which organizations are able to maximize the amount of revenue generated through sale of products. When an organization provides detailed information regarding any product, the customers provide much more attention to it as compared to those products whose detailed information is not released by the manufacturing companies. Customers tend to choose products that have been well-reviewed by others or which have been improved by the manufacturing organization over a period of time. Toyota, by providing such details of their products on their official website is able to draw the attention of the customers towards their products. a.Quality measurement: Quality measurement can be considered as the process of measuring the level of the quality services that are being made available to the customers of the organization. The measurement of quality is used in the following ways (Tang, 2005): Program measurement: Overseeing the major functionalities of the system to ensure that the goals of the program are successfully met with. Accountability: Providing a demonstration of the goals that have been achieved. Quality improvement: Improving those aspects of the operational activities that are not functioning according to the requirements of the management. Reporting Results: Generating internal reports regarding the quality of services provided to the customers. Quality can be measured using the following methods (Shanmugam, 2007): Six sigma: is a structured and data defined methodology that is useful in eliminating defects from any process, be it manufacturing or providing services to others. The six sigma methodology can be used in Toyota to eliminate defects from all operational activities of the organization (Ray and Das, 2010). Statistical Quality Control: is a method of quality control which utilizes various statistical methodologies to monitor and control a process. The Statistical Quality Control would be useful in reducing the defects present in the production system of the organization to a significant extent. b.Benefits of user and non-user surveys i.User Surveys: When a survey is conducted with the aim of questioning only those people who are currently using some product of a specific brand or organization, a user survey is said to be in use. The benefits of a user survey are as follows (Imam, 2014): Feedback of customer satisfaction: The organization gets an overview of the current level of customer satisfaction. Tracking changes: By conducting several surveys, the changes in levels of customer feedback can be clearly understood, thus revealing the changes in the requirements of the customers. Expressing commitment: By user surveys are conducted by organizations, the customers are made aware of the commitment of the manufacture to quality products and services. ii. Non-User Surveys: When surveys are conducted with the aim of including the perceptions of those customers who do not use the products of a specific company, the survey is termed as a non-user survey. The benefits of such a survey are (Kenett and Salini, 2011): Identification of current market trends: Interviewing the non-user groups provide a chance of gaining knowledge about the current trend of the market in terms of utilities and features being made available to the users. Identification of customer requirements: a non-user survey is able to reveal those requirements of the target customers that are not met by the products being designed and developed by the organization. c.Methods of consultation People belonging to certain ethnicity and strata of the society, who have not been included while conducting surveys or have been included in far lesser numbers than others, are often termed as under- represented groups. In general, people belonging to non-native ethnic races and those belonging to families having lower income, form such groups (Nie, 2009). The government has been providing various aids to the under- represented groups in order to improve the standard of living of these groups. Thus the economic conditions of such groups have improved significantly in the past few years, along with the increase in their capacity of spending. Thus, at this point of time, the under- represented groups are being considered as a target group by various organizations: hence the need to include them in consumer surveys. The various methods using which such surveys can be conducted are: Surveys using printed questioners or forms can be used to include under-represented groups in consumer surveys. Telephonic and/ or Mail surveys: The telephone numbers and the e mail addresses of customers are collected by most organizations these days and can be used to conduct surveys. Group interviews: Interviewing a group of people can also be used as a survey tool. Surveys can also be conducted various social media sites. d.Complaints procedures A procedure, following which the customers can inform the manufacturing organization about the defects present in their products any other grievances regarding the quality of the products, is known as a complaint procedure (Complaints and disciplinary procedures, 2010). Most companies provide three processes available to the customers, using which they can register any product or quality related complaint to the company: the processes being- Using the hot-line numbers provided for the purpose of registering complaints Registering complaints by sending e-mails to those departments who are concerned with the activity of solving such issues By providing feedbacks on the official websites of the organizations Among the above mentioned procedures, using the hotline number is that procedure which is most frequently used by customers. When a customer calls such numbers, the representatives of the organization at first listen to their problems and tries to provide feasible solutions. When they are unable to do so, they register the complaint made by the customer and contact those technicians or engineers who they feel would be able to solve the problems (Mller, 2014). Since Toyota uses latest technologies in their products, any technical problem faced by the customers can only be solved by the authorized technicians of the company. Hence the process mentioned above would be helpful in consulting such a person. a.Self-assessment: The process using which the higher management of an organization is bale to assess the performance of the company, its strength and weakness and the various sizeable opportunities that are available to the organization are known as the self asse4sment procedures. Using a self assessment procedure, the management can reveal whether the objectives and goals of the organization are met with or not: it plays a vital role in the process of conducting business in a successful way. It is the primary tool that can be used to reveal the state of health of the organization and to find out those operational activities that need to be improved to meet the goals of the organization. The various self assessment procedures used by organizations are: Benchmarking: Organizations often consider various internationally accepted standards to compare their current situations in order to evaluate their state of health. Internal self-assessment and External agencies: Review committees internal to the organization are often formed to review the various operational activities of the organization. External agencies can also be employed to do the same. Peer review: assessment groups from organizations operating in similar fields can also be employed for the process of assessment. b.Importance of communication and record keeping: A well formed communication system is an essential part of an effective quality management system. In order to measure the efficiency of the quality management system, organizations need to communicate with their customers and stakeholders alike, and then communicate the feedback provided by them to the management so as formulate strategies that would help in meeting the requirements of the customers. Thus, communication forms the backbone of any successful organization. Record keeping is yet another activity that plays a vital role in the operational activities of an organization. Records about various products are maintained by organizations along with the details of customers, employees, dealers and other stakeholders of the organization. The various strategic decisions taken by the management of the organizations are generally based on the records maintained by the organization. The communication processes used in large organizations are basically of two types: Formal: Sending official mails to dealers, stakeholders; conducting official meetings, etc Informal: telephonic or electronic communication among employees; telephonic communication with customers and dealers, etc. In an organization as large as Toyota, the information regarding the newly launched products and the stock of old products need to be regularly communicated to the authorize dealers. The management needs to communicate the newly implemented strategies and technologies to the employees from time to time. Organizations also communicate with their customers on a regular basis regarding the feedbacks provided by them and / or the complaints registered by them: the marketing strategies used for branding processes could also be considered as a communication strategy. Last but not the least; the employees are also encouraged to communicate innovative ideas that they feel are potential enough to be practically implemented, to the higher management. c.Staff consultation: Encouraging the employees to participate in the process of developing tactical strategies is one of the best management policies that have been implemented in Toyota. The organization is known for the active participation of all its employees in various operational aspects that aim at improving the quality and reducing the costs associated with production. Employees are also encouraged to communicate those ideas which they feel would be beneficial to the company. The process of staff consultation makes sure that the employees do not feel pressurized by the decisions taken by the management but actively participate in them. The various stages of staff consultation have been described in the following section: Figure: Deming Cycle - PDCA Cycle As depicted in the Deming cycle, the employees are encouraged to plan a strategy at first and act according to it. After that, the results of the activities are measured and adjustments are made to the strategies: after which the newly found strategies are re-implemented. The cycle is continued until and unless the strategies are discarded or an optimized plan is developed. d.Modifying Toyotas existing systems: In order to improve the quality of services being provided to the customers, most organizations implement a wide range of changes in the way they manage the quality of their products: organizations seriously consider the feedbacks provided by the customers and work on the defects pointed out by them, besides implementing strategies like re-defining quality services and redesigning the procedures used to measure the satisfaction levels of the customers and updating the tools that are used to provide high quality services to the customers. Thus, it can be safely said that implementing changes in the process of quality management is essential for improving the system. In order to improve the existing operation al system, Toyota could implement the following strategies: Encouraging the employees to provide new ideas and work on them Providing proper training to the employees and employing skilled employees in the production line Investing in the production of hybrid cars Including more non-Asian employees in the higher management The staff consultation and employment of trained workers will be helpful in maintaining the quality of the products developed by Toyota. On the other hand, hybrid cars are being considered as the future generation of cars and Toyota should invest in the process of developing such cars to avail the advantage of being the first mover in the market. Last but not the least, the incorporation of more non-Asian employees in the top management will help the company in capturing the non-Asian market. Conclusion: In this paper, an in detailed discussion has been made regarding the Various Approaches Of Quality Management That Are Practiced In Large Organizations Like Toyota, the benefits of such management systems, and the range of quality control methodologies used in general. In the last section of the report, the principle which should be implemented to improve the quality management system at Toyota has been discussed. References Barlow, J. and Mller, C. (2008). A complaint is a gift. San Francisco, Calif.: Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Bayes, T., Price, R., Molina, E., Canton, J. and Deming, W. (1963). Facsimiles of two papers by Bayes. New York: Hafner Pub. Co. Bradley, M. and Thompson, N. (2000). Quality management integration in long-term care. Baltimore, MD: Health Professions Press. Chrupcala, K., Edwards, T. and Spatz, D. (2015). A Continuous Quality Improvement Project to Implement Infant-Driven Feeding as a Standard of Practice in the Newborn/Infant Intensive Care Unit. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, Neonatal Nursing, p.n/a-n/a. Chung Sea Law, D. (2010). Quality assurance in postà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ secondary education: the student experience. Quality Assurance in Education, 18(4), pp.250-270. Chung Sea Law, D. (2010). Quality assurance in postà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ secondary education. Quality Assurance in Education, 18(1), pp.64-77. Complaints and disciplinary procedures. (2010). Veterinary Record, 166(24), pp.737-737. De Feo, J. and Barnard, W. (2004). Juran Institute's six sigma. New York: McGraw-Hill. GuÃÅ'ˆngoÃÅ'ˆr, H. (2007). Observing and registering emotional satisfaction of customer contacts. [Amsterdam]: Amsterdam Univ. Press. Hargitai, C. (2002). Value added taxation of electronic supply of services within the European Community. [New York]: New York University School of Law. Hunt, M. (2009). Peter Drucker: A generous spirit. Leader to Leader, 2010(S1), pp.27-32. Imam, R. (2014). Measuring Public Transport Satisfaction from User Surveys. IJBM, 9(6). Inghilleri, L. and Solomon, M. (2010). Exceptional service, exceptional profit. New York: American Management Association. International standards desk reference: your passport to world markets, ISO 9000, CE Mark, QS-9000, SSM, ISO 14000, Q 9000, American, European, and global standards systems. (2007). Choice Reviews Online, 34(10), pp.34-5780-34-5780. Kenett, R. and Salini, S. (2011). Modern analysis of customer surveys. Chichester: John Wiley Sons. Lighter, D., Fair, D. and Lighter, D. (2004). Quality management in health care. Sudbury, Mass.: Jones and Bartlett. McDowall, R. (2006). Quality assurance implications for computerized systems following the Able Laboratories FDA Inspection. Assur. J., 10(1), pp.15-20. McFadden, K., Stock, G. and Gowen, C. (2015). Leadership, safety climate, and continuous quality improvement. Health Care Management Review, 40(1), pp.24-34. McLean, R., Antony, J. and Dahlgaard, J. (2015). Failure of Continuous Improvement initiatives in manufacturing environments: a systematic review of the evidence. Total Quality Management Business Excellence, pp.1-19. Mller, J. (2014). Complaints Procedures - Possible Reform?. Nordic Journal of International Law, 61(1-4), pp.209-212. Myer, L. (2003). The American Society for Quality. Assur. J., 7(3), pp.202-203. Nie, G. (2009). Customer Satisfaction Management with Counting Opinion Surveys. Public Library Quarterly, 28(3), pp.204-211. Ray, S. and Das, P. (2010). Six Sigma project selection methodology. Lean Six Sigma Journal, 1(4), pp.293-309. Shanmugam, V. (2007). Six Sigma Cup: Establishing Ground Rules for Successful Six Sigma Deployment. Total Quality Management Business Excellence, 18(1-2), pp.77-82. Snee, R. (2010). Lean Six Sigma getting better all the time. Lean Six Sigma Journal, 1(1), pp.9-29. Steensen, E. (2010). Quality performance excellence: Management, organization and strategy. Total Quality Management Business Excellence, 21(10), pp.1057-1057. Taggart, J. (2011). Strategy guideline. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of Energy, Energy Efficiency Renewable Energy, Building Technologies Program. Tang, S. (2005). Construction quality management. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. Thomas, M. (2003). High-performance consulting skills. London: Thorogood. Wang, Y., Pierce, E., Madnik, S., Fisher, C. and Zwass, V. (2005). Information quality. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe. Wong, M. and Li, H. (2010). From External Inspection to Self-Evaluation: A Study of Quality Assurance in Hong Kong Kindergartens. Early Education Development, 21(2), pp.205-233. Wood, J. and Wood, M. (2005). Joseph M. Juran. London: Routledge.

Sexuality in America

Question: Discuss about theSexuality in America. Answer: Introduction Globalization modernization has contributed to the progressive change of perspective about sexuality and more specifically sexual orientation in the American society. This has consequently led to the establishment of laws that protect the minority whose sexuality is not in conformity with the general cultural definition of sexual identity, gender identity, and sexual orientation. Besides, there have emerged a number of institutions whose primary role is to advocate for the adherence of these laws by all Americans as well as pushing for adoption of such laws internationally (Murphy Spear, 2011). The focus of this writing will be on the rapid changes that have occurred in the American society with regard to sexuality in the late 20th century and 21st century. It will explore the factors that have influenced these changes and the particular changeovers that have occurred throughout the course of modernization and globalization. This will include how the American society has generally r esponded to legalization and recognition of relationships between people of diverse sexual orientations. Secondly, the essay will discuss the global perspective on this matter of sexuality. Lastly, it will explore instances of discrimination, isolation, violence and stigma against the affected minority group in various environments. This will include the legal, health, religious and human rights implications with regard to the subject matter. The American society has had a social change in all spheres on how sexual orientation is perceived with the introduction of computerization, internet, and globalization. According to James and Newsweek (2015), widespread of information sharing is a factor that has brought about cultural relativism, cultural tolerance, and diversity. Traditionally, in most American societies, the issues surrounding human sexuality had standard values that were strictly adhered to and which attracted severe punishment upon transgressing the morality values of the popular culture. In the 1950s, the males were generally considered masculine and females being feminine and distinct roles were defined for each gender in the society. Heterosexuality was the only acceptable sexual orientation. Consequently, people with other sexual orientations were discriminated, stigmatized besides experiencing violence and abuse. Most of the homosexual community individuals were denied jobs in both the public and private s ector and sometimes faced legal charges that saw them being imprisoned or banished from their communities (Ciment, 2014). This was the first time most people in America were heard of trying to change their sexes prompting to research into the matter by anthropologists, theorists, and clinicians. Thus a lot was found out of human behaviour, gender identity the social and environmental factors that affect them. Sexuality depends on the four main interrelated aspects that are sexual conduct, sexual identity, gender identity and sexual orientation. They all affect personality, growth, development and functioning of an individual within a society. This is the reason most of those who advocated for the establishment of laws and rights protecting these groups (Jones, 2014). Extreme aversion therapies were utilized to prevent the phenomenon of the culturally unfit sexuality which included castration and exposure to shock among other crude methods. Nonetheless, it is indisputable that some of these individuals have other underlying mental and sexual disorders known as paraphilia. The behaviours involved are destructive or hurtful to oneself, partner or threatening to the community as a whole. The most commonly known paraphilia are exhibitionism, fetishism, frotteurism, pedophilia, sexual masochism, sexual sadism, voyeurism, transvestic fetishism, telephone scatalogia that develops out of sexting, necrophilia, partialism, cunnilingus, fellatio, anilingus, zoophilia, coprophilia, klismaphilia, urophilia and hypoxyphilia (Tasman, 2015). Some of these disorders are severe while others are less serious and worried about in the society. In the same way, some of them can attract punishment and legal implications from the authorities. They were considered a patho logical condition which violated the social norms according to Jones (2014), in the 1970s through to 1990s and up to now, perception and perspectives around the issue of sexuality have changed significantly. Among the notable changes was the removal of homosexuality by the American psychological Association as a mental disorder from their list of mental and behavioural disorders. Professional guidance and counselling were being provided by individuals employed in government agencies to specifically address and provide psychological and emotional support for those affected by the issue. Additionally, several support groups were formed whose purposes were to empower not only the affected but also the general public as well as to provide and promote treatment for them when it was deemed necessary and possible. Nevertheless, there were reported public opposition, and violence against any meeting meant to serve and empower those having problems with sexuality. The Intersex Society of Nor th America (ISNA) was formed in 1993. Moreover, Lesbians, Gays, Bisexual and Transgender association, a support group had been established earlier in 1969 which staged a demonstration against police attacks and harassment to those whose sexual orientation was not with conformity with the cultural norms. Consequently, between the mid-20th century and now, most American people have generally become more accepting to same-sex sexual activities, treating it as a lifestyle. These perceptual changes have been termed by the media in the modern era as sexual revolution (James Newsweek, 2015) In terms of local and international law and human rights, bold advances have been made to establish protective laws for lesbian, gay, and lesbian communities. There are no special laws and rights that are meant to protect these individuals but are guaranteed in the general rights, ethical principles and legislation that apply to other normal people with a heterosexual orientation. Even though rights to non-discrimination have not been achieved by all persons throughout the republic, there has been a significant improvement on how they are handled and considered. In the international arena, universal human rights were established in 1958 one of them being the ILO convention package of human rights. The African Union, the European Union and other organizations together with the countries making them have since adopted these rights and incorporated them in their respective constitutions, federal and local laws (Friedman, 2012). A number of factors have been attributed to the changes that have occurred not only in the American society but also in other places around the world include cultural diversity, globalization, and advancement in technologies. Medical discoveries on artificial methods of birth control also have to some extent impacted on how people perceive sexuality (Friedman, 2012) As a matter of fact, some people in the lesbian community believe that due to dramatic changes in hormonal profiles that occur in the body with the use of contraceptives, their sexual attraction becomes oriented towards other females, hence explaining their sexual nature. Furthermore, an explosive increase in population and concentration in the urban areas has led to change in traditional gender roles which consequently results in sexual behaviour change and same-sex relationships. According to the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental illnesses, psychiatrists explain that sexual tendencies can be caused by biologic al factors such as destruction of the limbic system that leads to hypersexual behaviour, the existence of temporal lobe tumours, abnormal level of androgens in the body, and violent sexual offenders. Psychoanalytic factors that include failed developmental process include failure to resolve Oedipal and Electra crisis. Behavioural factors depend on the reinforcement one receives following an exhibition of a particular behaviour. Moreover, media has considerably contributed to how information about can be easily acquired and attitude of people. The media platforms that have been implicated are television, movies, drama performances and music among other art shows. It has been stipulated that more than 90% of the American teens have access to television and other media. Furthermore, sexual content in the media exposed to them leads to early sexual intercourse in more than 50% of them with a likelihood of teen pregnancies. On the other hand, showing the risks of sex in media helps educa te the general public especially the vulnerable such as teenagers about the consequences of particular sexual behaviours. Unrestricted internet access and telecommunication have also had a significant impact on individuals with their sexualities. Access to pornographic contents by teens and adults have psychological, mental and behavioural effects on most of the individuals, a tendency that seems to result in sexual experimentations with self, others and in some instances sexual violence which is detrimental to the societal coexistence (Vernacchio, 2014). Lastly, the other aspects with equally important influence on the matters of sexuality are government and institutional policies, the existence of lawyers and other professionals of all sexual orientations and religion. This essay has explored the perspective change of sexuality in America and general view of the issue globally. Technology, media, education and cultural relativism and modernization have contributed to these changes. Initially, people received banishment and severe punishment if they exhibited behaviours that depicted sexuality that was not acceptable in the popular culture. Establishment of human rights and laws that were indiscriminate have enhanced the peoples acceptance of same-sex sexual activities as well as the incorporation of this status and rights in government and institutional policies. Religious and family integration of the affected individuals has shown significant support from the gay, lesbian, transgender and bisexual communities. Thus, as much as sexuality remains a controversial issue in most places globally, there have been advances that have been experienced which can be recommendable by human rights watch agencies. References Ciment, J 2014, Social issues in America: An encyclopedia, Sharpe, Boston, Massachusetts: Credo Reference, Armonk, New York. Friedman, M, 2012, Human rights, Heinemann Library, Chicago. James, E. L., Newsweek 2015,The Fifty shades phenomenon: Exploring a sexual revolution, Media Lab Books, New York. Jones, A 2014, Sexuality,The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Murphy, K, P Spear, J, M 2011,Historicising gender and sexuality, Wiley-Blackwell, Malden. Tasman, A, 2015,Psychiatry, Wiley-Blackwell, West Sussex, England. Vernacchio, A, 2014, For goodness sex: Changing the way we talk to teens about sexuality, values, and health, Harper, an imprint of HarperCollins Publishers, New York.

Western Europe In Middle Ages Essays - Franciscan Spirituality

Western Europe In Middle Ages Saint Francis of Assisi (1182-1226) was born into a wealthy family at Assisi, Italy, the son of a cloth merchant. Francis received little formal education and during his youth was mostly preoccupied with having fun. As a young man, he was popular, charming, enjoyed practical jokes and was usually the life of the party. Because of his wealth, he generally picked up the tab and thus attracted a following of fun loving, rowdy young men and promiscuous women. When armed conflict broke out between the men of Assisi and a neighboring city in 1202, Francis eagerly volunteered for the cavalry but wound up getting captured after the first big battle and spent a year in captivity. Francis returned to Assisi hailed as a hero, but unknown to his friends he had undergone a transformation in his outlook during his captivity. Although he was once again the life of the party, he was now questioning his reason for existence. After much contemplation, including vivid dreams and mystic visions, he turned away from the pursuit of all worldly pleasures, sold all his property and donated the money to the Church. He then began a lifelong passion of caring for society's castoffs, the sick and poor, including lepers. His wealthy father reacted to his son's new lifestyle by disinheriting him. Thus Francis lived in utter poverty and even went without shoes. But his humbleness, extraordinary kindness and love for humanity attracted the attention of other young men and they also chose to give up worldly pleasures and follow him to spread the gospel and serve the poor. Eventually, as the brotherhood grew, its members traveled to other parts of Europe to preach, including France, Germany, Spain and England. A separate order for women was formed, now known as the Franciscan Nuns or Poor Clares. Francis had much love for animals with special fondness for the birds. He liked to refer to animals as his brothers and sisters. Legend has it that wild animals had no fear of Francis and even came to him seeking refuge from harm. In 1224, Francis went up onto a mountain and began a 40-day fast. During that time he is said to have had a miraculous vision and received the marks of the nails and spear exactly as they appeared on the body of Jesus during his crucifixion. After his death in 1226, Francis was declared a saint by Pope Gregory IX. For centuries after his death, his Franciscan order has experienced continuous growth and is still active today caring for the poor, educating, and continuing many other good deeds. (www.historypage.com) History Essays

Indigenous People - The Ainu essays

Indigenous People - The Ainu essays What are indigenous people, well there in universally accepted definition for indigenous people? There were certain characteristics that are common for indigenous people. Indigenous people tend to live in small populations. They have had their own land for quite some time. There cultural traditions are very strong. They have their own language. Indigenous people live in every part of the world. They can live in cold climates like the Arctic are they can live in the hot Amazon. There are approximately 370 million indigenous people in the world, belonging to 5,000 different groups, in 90 countries worldwide. Each indigenous culture has its own history so it makes it very unique. There many groups around the world I choose to write on the Ainu. Ainu means human The Ainu prayed and performed ceremonies to their gods. They had plant gods animal gods such as bears foxes and many more. The Ainu believed everyday life had examples of their gods including things like the sun the moon and the thunder. Prayers are offered on every occasion. There are plenty of gods in the Ainu cultural they have a god of fire, they have a mountain god the list goes on. Unlike most cultural the Ainu gods are not like we the gods that we know. If a god commits an error the Ainu are allowed to argue with them. There is mutual assistance between the gods and the Ainu. There are good and bad gods in this cultural which is similar to most cultural. The Ainu offers lavish gifts to the gods to please them. They would offer wines, salmon these are supposed to delight the gods and bring good fortune to the Ainu. There is also evil gods who bring diseases and mishaps. There are many ceremonies in this cultural throughout the year. There are ceremonies to send back spirits, ceremonies for ancestors. There is also a ceremony to launch the first fishing event of the year. The most frequent ceremonies of these are the ones that send spirits back. These spirits ...

Global operations management - multiculturalism and diversity Essay

Global operations management - multiculturalism and diversity management - Essay Example There are back office, front office, retail and wholesale operations as part of the operations management. Customer service is another area focussed by the operations managers. Customer service determines the success and failures of a business. It is aimed at building active relationships with the customers. Because of the highly globalized business environment at present, operations managers of modern era forced to interact with diverse customers and hence the success of operations managements at present depends on how well the operations managers are able to manage the multiculturalism and diversity in business. This paper briefly analyses the current operations management issues with respect to multiculturalism and diversity management. Some of the issues the host foreign country could face as a result of the expansion   The major issue in internationalising a business is the issues with respect to diversity and multiculturalism. No two individuals are alike; same way no two cou ntries are alike. Countries may differ socially, economically, politically, legally and culturally. All these aspects have a big say in operations management and hence success of international business depends on how well a country deal with these issues. ... ternational business (Victor, 2009) Communication is one of the vital segments of every business activities and language barriers often spoil effective communications. Communication may occur between the organization and its customers and the knowledge of a common language is necessary for effective communication. The business environment in different countries is different because of the economical, political, legal and social differences. For example, America and China are two entirely different countries politically, economically and socially and hence while doing business with China, America should consider the issues related to diversity and multiculturalism seriously. Social organizations in America and China are entirely different because of the cultural differences. In America, religion is a big entity whereas in China, it may not be the same. It is not necessary that two parties in a communication process may have similar knowledge or level of information (Contexting) in the topic of negotiation, especially when they happen to be of two different cultures. In other words, Americans and Chinese may have different levels of contexting and the knowledge of these differences is essential while conducting business negotiations. Authority and leadership styles are other areas in which America and China may differ. Americans are more dominating types compared to Chinese people. â€Å"The view of authority in a given society affects communication in the business environment significantly as it shapes the view of how a message will be received based on the relative status or rank of the message's sender to its receiver† (Victor, 2009). Non verbal communication, and the understanding the importance of time etc are also different in different countries which should be

Interest Group Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Interest Group - Essay Example n the media and popular culture, PETA has contributed directly and indirectly to the enactment of more comprehensive legislations concerned with animal rights. It has also played a central role – directly or indirectly – in the amendment of existing animal rights laws to create better, more holistic legislations that suit the animal rights agenda. The organization was formed in 1980 and has always been dedicated to protecting animals from abuse and suffering, especially at the hands of humans. PETA’s slogan is based on the notion that â€Å"animals are not ours to eat, wear, experiment on, or use for entertainment† (Singer 41). This message features prominently in the organization’s website, merchandise, and marketing material (Del Mar 26). The group trains members of the public and policymakers on animal abuse and advocates humane treatment of animals. Its headquarters are in Norfolk, Virginia, but it has international divisions to further its cause abroad. The organization believes that just like humans, animals have rights, and their best interests should always be considered, irrespective of their value to humans. Animals also experience pain and suffering and thrive when they are left to lead their lives in the way that fits their nature and environments. All of PETA’s activities are guided by the belief that all human and nonhuman beings have a right to be free from all forms of harm. According to the group’s mission statement, animal cruelty is one of the problems plaguing the world, and that deserves sufficient attention. The organization believes that everybody has a responsibility to prevent and oppose animal abuse at every opportunity (Singer 34). For 35 years, PETA has worked to create a global society in which people contemplate the needs of, according to Henry Beston, â€Å"the other nations† (Singer 57). In this regard, the group considers itself to be a protector of the rights of individual animals; this informs its belief that animals

English Literature Comparison Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

English Literature Comparison - Essay Example Despite this, it required native speakers to begin putting some of the fallacies to rest. The purpose of the following essay is to compare the portrayal of Africa, its people and its religion with the portrayal of the white man in two novels, Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness published in 1902 and Chinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart published in 1959, as a means of illustrating how even a sympathetic treatment of the continent by a white man is insufficient to contradict traditional Western beliefs. The Western conception of Africa has always been shaped largely by the novelists and travel writers who have journeyed there. Not until relatively recently have any novels been published by native peoples who understood the more intricate natures of the societies that have called the continent home for centuries and adapted to its cycles. Until Dr. David Livingstone and Sir Henry Morton Stanley in the mid-1800s, no white man had ever reached the interior of Africa, making it very apt for the adoption of its label as an unknown entity. Although these explorations did little to further Western understanding of the people or the land, they did instigate plenty of speculation and conjecture, which became the stuff upon which misunderstandings to last centuries were founded. In many ways, the blank spaces found on Joseph Conrad’s map of Africa as a child have been duplicated within the minds of the average Westerner regarding many things to do with Africa and its people. As a resu lt of this almost exclusively one-sided depiction, Africa has traditionally gained a reputation as being a land of possibility for Western enrichment through the exploitation of its resources – agriculture, gold, even people. The West’s understanding of African people holds that they are mostly child-like in their primitive understandings, only

Moldovas Accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO)

Moldovas Accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO) The World Trade Organization (WTO), successor of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) founded in 1947, today represents a common institutional frame- work for the development of trade relations among its members, based on the principles harmonized at the international level through a number of multilateral agreements. At present the WTO includes 140 countries, with another 32 countries having an observer status. Moldova, Armenia, China and Vanuatu are at the final stage of accession. Today only a few countries with planned economies in their past and some developing countries have remained outside the WTO. Integration, of the developing countries and of the countries with their economies in transition, into the international trade system offers a good opportunity to take full advantage from the participation to enter the globalization process. Countries with their economies in transition view the WTO, whose rules of international trade are being established and monitored , as a structure that offers an important opportunity for integration into the world economy and of the improvement of their national legal framework in the economic and commercial field. The WTO basic functions are as follows: to facilitate the application, administration and successful functioning of the WTO laws and regulatory framework; to promote the achievement of objectives of each WTO agreement that concerns specific trade issues; Proceeding from these functions, the WTO can be viewed as an international structure, which for its member states represents the following: a forum for negotiations of issues concerning trade relations and matters incorporated into international multilateral treaties; a forum for future international negotiations, representation of each members interests; a legal and institutional framework for the application of the results of talks between states; a framework ensuring the application of rules and procedures for settling disputes between states; a framework providing for the use of the mechanisms of scrutinizing and ensuring transparency of commercial policies. 3.1. Advantages of the World Trading System The world trading system is not perfect, particularly taking into account the attempts of the Member States to have after their accession, the current rules revised. However, since the establishment of the WTO in 1995, countries involved in this system maintain that a state outside the system should be aware of the advantages the WTO offers to its members and of the reasons in favor of the WTO membership. In most cases, the decision of countries to apply for the WTO membership was influenced mainly by political factors, as their economic and commercial interests were not one of the major factors in initiating the accession process. On the other hand, candidate countries were conscious of certain disadvantages of staying away from the WTO bilateral and multilateral agreements are not sufficiently comprehensive, the image of a non-member state among foreign investors is not favorable enough etc. In this order of ideas we suggest looking into the advantages of accession to the WTO. As it was mentioned above, the WTO rules were produced on the basis of the world trading system, specifically a set of rules established by the consensus of all 140 Member States of the World Trade Organization. These rules are said to make life easier for everybody, since the decisions within the WTO are taken by consensus, likewise all multilateral agreements have been negotiated and then ratified by the parliaments of each Member State. The WTO agreements are compulsory for every country, developed or less developed, big or small. Without a multilateral forum, such as the WTO, the more developed countries would have had more freedom to impose unilaterally their will on their smaller partners. Free trade reduces living expenses. A great deal of research has been done on the conflict between protectionism and free trade. Protectionism is expensive: it always raises prices. The WTO system pursues the goal of removing trade barriers by following the rules of the game set by mutual agreement and is based on the principle of non-discrimination. This brings lower production costs, lower prices for goods and services, and as a result, life becomes less expensive. The world trading system offers a much wider range of various products. Import provides for a better choice of goods and services of different quality. Even the quality of local goods can be improved in conditions of competition generated by import. Imported goods are not used only as a finished product, but also as materials, components and equipment for the production of local goods. This allows manufacturers to broaden the range of products, services and technologies applied, which ultimately contributes to the increase of exports. Trade increases incomes. Analysis and estimates of the impact of the Uruguay Round (in other words, of the establishment of the WTO) or of the creation of the European Union (EU) common market, proved that these processes brought about considerable additional revenues, which greatly stimulated economic development. Trade incurs challenges and certain risks — local manufacturers have to offer products of the same quality as the imported ones, yet not all producers succeed in this. However, the fact that there are additional revenues means that there are resources for the governments allowing for redistribution of the available benefits. This can help business operators become more competitive in the traditional fields or in the newly developed and promising ones. Trade stimulates economic growth, which implies, among other things, creation of new jobs. It is true, however, that some jobs are lost as a result of the expanding commercial activities. The same applies to the technological progress: the implementation of new technologies creates new jobs, while at the same time, cuts down jobs requiring an un- skilled labor force. In both cases, a coherent policy facilitates settlement of the employment problems, thus ensuring a better final result, particularly in conditions of a free trade, and also provides for the use of advanced technologies. It is known that trade, which ensures a more efficient and adequate use of production resources, generates division of labor among countries. An additional advantage offered by the WTO system is an increase of efficiency with less expenses. This becomes possible due to the important principles laid on the basis of the system. These principles are as follows: non-discrimination, transparency of rules and regulations, commitments to remove trade barriers and increase the access on other markets, fostering trade through making customs procedures easier and uniform, and others. à ¯Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¿ In the WTO framework governments are in a better position to defend themselves from being lobbied by some smaller groups. Thus, governments can carry on a commercial policy that satisfies the interests of all parties involved in the economy. At first sight, the application of certain restrictions on imports seems to be an efficient method of supporting the economic sector. In fact, it imbalances the economy and affects other sectors. At the same time, it is well known that making exceptions leads indirectly to tax evasion and corruption. In some cases, even the protected sectors are affected. When the policy of support given by the State is incoherent and is not rendered until the final consolidation of the capacities of enterprises, the latter at a certain point can go bankrupt or be swallowed by big corporations. Due to the fact that the WTO framework covers a wide range of sectors, if there is a case in which a pressure group resorts to lobbyism in order to be protected, the government can put up resistance to such pressures, motivating it by the fact that an agreement suitable for all sectors of the economy has to be reached. In practice governments often invoke such a reason. The system encourages good government. Governments often use the WTO framework as a practical external restriction for the elaboration of economic policies, by giving the following reason, we cant act differently because its against the WTO regulations. According to the WTO rules, once a commitment has been undertaken, it would be difficult to change this decision. For business this means a greater certainty and clarity in conditions of trade. For governments this means more discipline and correctness. Also, the world trading system contributes to peace consolidation. It seems a bit exaggerated, and yet, the system contributes to strengthening peace in the world, since, to some extent, peace is a result of the application of the two basic principles of the WTO, particularly, ensuring continuous trade and offering a fair and constructive way to settle trade disputes. An eloquent example is the trade war of 1930, when the involved countries competed in raising trade barriers in order to protect local manufacturers. This fact deepened the Great Crisis and played a certain role in the outbreak of World War II. A key-element of the WTO system is the fact that disputes are solved in a constructive way. Naturally, the development of trade may generate trade disputes which can lead to serious conflicts. Therefore, a great deal of tense international trade situations can be settled by the organizations specializing in tackling trade disputes, such as the WTO. A growing number of disputes brought before this organization reflects closer economic ties throughout the world, a growing number of the WTO members and an increasing confidence in the capacity of this system to settle disputes [2]. To summarize the advantages of the WTO membership, we can name some of them: a) the implementation of the WTO agreements, in general, offer wider trade opportunities to the Member States; b) multilateral regulations with a higher degree of restrictions ensure a safer and a more stable trade environment and provide more certainty in trade relations; c) only Member States can take advantage of the rights laid down in the WTO agreements; d) the WTO agreements have substantially improved transparency of commercial policies and of the practices of trade partners, a fact that strengthens safety and stabilizes trade relations; e) only the WTO members have an access to the mechanism of settling disputes with a view to defending their rights and commercial interests; f) membership status offers an opportunity to take part in multilateral negotiations, thus, ensuring the promotion of each members commercial and economic interests. 3.2. The Republic of Moldovas Accession to the WTO Accession, accomplished in the appropriate conditions, is a rather difficult and complicated process that may be delayed and that requires a high level of competence and coordination of government institutions, as well as a political consensus to efficiently promote national interests. The accession process involves thorough bilateral and multilateral negotiations with all WTO members concerned in the policy carried on by the candidate, which can procrastinate the process of accesion. Countries in the process of accession are bound to examine and adhere to all multilateral agreements, and, optionally, to the two plurilateral agreements, adhesion to which de jure is not compulsory. In fact, the contracting parties to these agreements expect that the candidate becomes a party of these agreements in the accession process to the WTO. This condition turns automatically into a commitment, also observed in the context of discussions and positions of the WTO member states during multilateral trade negotiations. Accession of the Republic of Moldova to the WTO was determined by the advantages offered using the legal framework of international trade and by the reasons in favor of WTO membership. Back in 1993 the Government of the Republic of Moldova applied to join GAIT. The request, which following the creation of the WTO in January 1995, had been reiterated by Moldova. The purpose of accession to the WTO was to urge the process of integration into the world economy, which provides for building a democratic society, an economy based on market economy principles. The accession was motivated also by specific disadvantages of a non-member status in the WTO, in conditions when bilateral trade agreements were not sufficiently developed. It was also motivated by an adverse image, especially among foreign investors, generated by the out of the system status. Accession negotiations coincided with the structural and systematic reforms program and with the elaboration of the countrys economic policy, including the commercial one. However, an underdeveloped administrative system and a lack of human and financial resources directly affected technical capacities providing for this complex process of accession to be conducted shortly and efficiently. Besides, in addition to the fact that it was necessary to adopt a concept to promote a commercial policy which would comply with the WTO multilateral obligations, Moldova, as any applicant country, was required to accept concessions with regard to the access to the goods market and to the consolidation of customs tariffs, as well as with regard to the commitments in the field of internal support in agriculture, and the special commitments concerning trade in services. It should be mentioned that in the course of Moldovas accession the attitude of the main trade partners towards the applicant countries became harsher compared to the period of accession to GATT. The standards of adhesion have been raised considerably. Some WTO members took a firm position requiring the applicant countries to accept a higher level of obligations compared to the one accepted by the initial members, having already included the eventual results of the next future multilateral negotiations. In practice, thi s means that the Republic of Moldova had to accept the level of tariffs consolidation and certain commitments in the services area comparable to the level of the developed countries. At the same time, the Republic of Moldova did not have the opportunity to benefit from certain provisions stipulated by the WTO agreements, which provide a special and preferential regime offered to the developing countries. The status of a developing country was not given to any applicant country with their economy in transition during the period in wich they entered into the accession negotiations with the WTO. This situation made negotiations a lot harder for Moldova  than for other candidates included in the UN list of developing countries. Despite these difficulties, as compared with the other CIS states, Moldova launched a very active process, being outrun only by Kyrgyzstan and Georgia. Initially, in conformity with the accession procedure, a memorandum on the foreign trade regime was presented. Later, a Working Group for the accession of the Republic of Moldova was created comprising 24 WTO members (the European Union having one vote), followed by rounds of questions and answers. Numerous bilateral and multilateral negotiations have been conducted on the access to the goods and services market, on offering subsidies in agriculture and on aligning national legislation on the WTO regulations The most intense negotiations were conducted with Australia, Bulgaria, Canada, the Czech Republic. India, Japan, Mexico, Poland, Slovakia, USA, Turkey and the EU The longest in duration and the most consistent were the negotiations with the EU, the United States, Australia, Canada, India, and Bulgaria A special part in the accession process was both the adjustment of the current legislation to the regulations adopted by the Uruguay Round, and the elaboration of new laws in the areas that have a direct or indirect impact on foreign trade. The negotiation process lasted long due to a negative influence of a number of factors, some of which have already been mentioned. Another important factor was the absence of an adequate institutional framework and of mechanisms of elaboration of policies necessary for the operation of a market economy at the beginning of the negotiation process, which was supposed to ensure rapid development of the latter, ft is also known that frequent changes in the upper level of administration affect and considerably tarry, the accession process. These reasons have slowed down the elaboration and adoption of an adequate national legislation, a fact noticed by the Working Group members on the accession of the Republic of Moldova to the WTO. Protraction of the Republic of Moldovas accession has partially offered some facilities to the WTO members that only the WTO framework can offer. Since the presentation of the memorandum on the foreign trade regime and, later, of the replies to the questions of the working group members for working out the Report of the Working Group and of the Protocol of Accession, Moldova had to submit a great deal of information from different fields related to commercial policies, which required significant expenses. The more this process was delayed, the more information was requested, which sometimes indirectly allowed the member states to speculate on some of the plans or strategies of the applicant countries. For example, in the process of the accession of the Republic of Moldova, information in the following areas was required: practices and prices regulations, the taxation system, subsidies in agriculture, foreign investments, the environment, customs tariffs, including preferential tariff s, payments for customs procedures, exemption from customs duties, license on import, export regulations, trading enterprises owned by the state, standardization of imported goods, sanitary and phyto-sanitary standards, foreign exchange operations, and the protection system of intellectual property rights, etc. It should be mentioned that the presentation of this information was compulsory or unavoidable, since the purpose pursued was to advance the accession process. On the other hand, all these have led to facilitation of the aims of the major WTO actors, who use different levers in the accession process in order to have the applicant countries undertake anticipated commitments within the WTO, thus ensuring their alignment on the subjects discussed during multilateral negotiations. As a non-member country we have already missed many opportunities to negotiated on various bilateral agreements with the states of Central and Eastern Europe the WTO members. Foreign business operators are discouraged by the lack of a clear set of rules, which would allow them to set up their business on the basis of internationally recognized principles. The relations of cooperation in the economic and commercial fields with the countries of the European Union or of the Central Europe Free Trade Area (CEFTA) have been blocked or not given pertinent importance. Treatment of the economic system of the Republic of Moldova as one that is not based on market principles

Snow Falling On Cedars :: essays research papers

Snow Falling On Cedars Vs. Stranger In The Kingdom When I first read Howard Frank Mosher’s novel Stranger In The Kingdom I was astonished that something like that took place in Vermont. I have always been under the misconception that racism isn’t extremely prevalent in our local culture today. Once again my white American’s views were challenged when I read Snow Falling On Cedars, by David Guterson. The two books seem to me to be exactly the same story, only they occur about forty years apart from each other. The book are so synonymous with each other, that most of the characters are comparable. As the story of David Guterson’s book unfolds, we find ourselves looking through the eyes of a man that has lived on the island for most of his life. His name is Ishmael Chambers. Ishmael seems to be a perceptive child, and soon gets to know one of the island’s many Japanese girls, named Hatsue. As fate would have it, they fall in love with each other in Shakespeare-like-fashion. The problem of them coming from two different races of people forces them to be secretive about their relationship. When Hatsue is forced to move away because of WWII regulations, she ends her relationship with Ishmael, sending him into a life filled with jealousy and grief. Howard Frank Mosher paints the same portrait for us, only in a more commonly know setting. A black man and his son are cognizant of their color when they are forced to live in a town of solely white people. As the murder trial unfolds, we find out that the man’s son also has been having a relationship such as the one Ishmael and Hatsue had. He had been having "relations" with a white mail-order bride that had just arrived in town. They kept this secret because of the obvious problems it would have caused with the bigoted townspeople. In both stories, a love between two different people has evolved. Similar to each story the only reason the two young people were separated was due solely on the race and social standing. (The similarity to Romeo and Juliet here is amazing. I am beginning to think that all modern love stories are based on that play; West Side Story.) I believe that stories such as these will continue to happen indefinitely in the future. Ever since Columbus first set foot on the New World, racism and prejudice has been an issue.

Brechtian Techniques

Bertold Brecht (1898 – 1956) founded the so-called new, or â€Å"epic theatre† that creatively reworked the principles of traditional â€Å"Aristotelian† drama, in order for the plays to correspond to modern demands. Brecht characterised his position in dramatic art as social-critical. He was an active antifascist and thus centered his works on major historical events and gave them a social-political meaning. From the formal point of view, Brechtian techniques were based on defamilirisation of the event. First and foremost, he transposed the event into third person.He uses new concept of author’s time, i. e. time as it is perceived by the narrator of the play. The latter usually tells about the events that happened in the past and comments them. In doing so, he freely operates various layers of time, so that the whimsical structure of the story reminds that of a recollection or a dream. Finally, an important element of Brechtian drama is its increased conv ention, for instance the action can be interrupted by speaking stage directions aloud and or via usage of placards and signs.The drama â€Å"Zoot Suit† (1978) by Luis Valdez’ efficiently uses the Brechtian principles and techniques. Like many of Brecht’s dramas, this work is a passionate social protest that shows the injustice of the society with purely Brechtian didacticism. Valdez wrote this play at the end of â€Å"turbulent seventies†, which in the US were characterised by increased social activity of minorities fighting for their rights, and Mexican Americans were among these.Thus, the playwright addresses the times, when the Mexican American identity was only forming, and yet it was oppressed and discriminated by the police. Valdez implies that the same thing may happen or even happens in his times and protests against it. In this respect his play may be linked with activities of Guerilla theatre, which considered itself to be a cultural revolt agai nst war and a mouthpiece of social protest movements. Valdez’ play also has explicit antiwar and protest connotations, and in accordance with Brecht’s conception, his art serves political purposes.Furthermore, action is presented and commented by the narrator, the fictional El Pachuco, which is the condensed embodiment of Mexican spirit (pachucos were Mexican American youth who emphasized their Mexican identity and wore zoot suits). He converses with the protagonist of the story, Henry Reyna, and in some episodes interferes into action (for instance, he takes the place of Rudy Reyna in an uneven fight with sailors). Moreover, from the very first words Valdez emphasizes Brechtian convention. For instance, the drop curtain is â€Å"giant facsimile of a newspaper front page† (1, 1992).Besides in his first monologue EL Pachuco says that he is an actor who plays El Pachuco and recollects this myth. This indicates another Brechtian technique. The narrated action takes place in the past. The setting, as described by the author, emphasizes that the age of zoot suits is in the past: â€Å"The somber shapes and outlines of pachuco images hang subtly, black on black, against a back-ground of heavy fabric evoking memories and feelings like an old suit hanging forgotten in the depths of a closet somewhere, sometime† (1, 1992).At the same time, in the end El Pachuco says that this legend still lives and is topical, for at least he is interested in telling it. However, this is not the objective past time of Aristotelian drama, but rather narrator’s individual perception. El Pachuco can retard action by making the judge repeat for the second time that â€Å"zoot haircuts will be retained throughout the trial for purposes of identification† (ibid). He also uses sudden retrospections, for example when Henry mentions Saturday night dance, El Pachuco snaps fingers and makes this event repeat.In another instant, he skips witness’ st atement, saying â€Å"You know what. We've already heard from that bato. Let's get on with the defense† (1, 1992). Besides the conventionality is emphasized by various other interruptions of action. An interesting example of this is when the arrested pachucos stand in a line, the Press starts and they continue the headline. In another episode the Pressâ€Å"moves the bundles of newspapers on the floor to outline the four corners of a jail cell†, i. e.makes the decorations for the next scene in jail (1, 1992). To sum up, the play â€Å"Zoot Suit† by Luis Valdez exemplified Brechtian understanding of social-political role of art and demonstrates a number of Brechtian techniques of the â€Å"new theatre†, among them accentuated conventionality of action, transposition into third person (use of narrator) and into the past, connected with the present, and forcible handling of time. References 1. Valdes, L. (1992). Zoot Suit. Zoot Suit and Other Plays. Houston, TX: Arte Publico Press. Pg 22-94.

Multinational Companies Power Essays - Taxation, Free Essays

Multinational Companies Power Essays - Taxation, Free Essays Multinational Companies Power In what ways do multinational companies exercise significant power over the US government UG COURSEWORK COVERSHEET School of Politics and International Relations 0Please check this box if you are happy for your work to be used as an exemplar for future students. Your work will remain anonymous and will be used for guidance only. STUDENT NUMBER: SEMINAR TUTOR: YEAR: FIRST 1 SECOND 0 FINAL 0 ASSOCIATE 0 ERASMUS 0 (check the relevant box with a double-click) MODULE CODE: POL 105 COURSEWORK NUMBER/TITLE: In what ways do multinational companies exercise significant power over the US government? WORD COUNT: 2358 ________________________________________ A First ClassB Upper SecondC Lower SecondD ThirdE DeficientF Fail Task fulfilment Research Quality of Argument Structure Presentation Representation of Sources STRENGTHS: WEAKNESSES: HOW TO IMPROVE: Provisional Mark: ___________ In what ways do multinational companies exercise significant power over the US government? In todays era of globalisation, multinational companies exercise a substantial amount of power influencing the political sphere through campaign funding and lobbying to say the least. For some, this has led to the government representing corporations more than it represents people. Throughout this essay the extent of corporate political influence will be explored assessing in what ways multinational corporations engage in the political process and whether this involvement truly has an effect. As aforementioned the power of multinational corporations over the US government is significant, a key way this can be reflected is through their ability to reduce their tax and in some cases even avoiding tax. There are a number of ways some of the worlds most well-known companies do so, with an end goal of achieving tax-levels which serve their best interest. Some corporations carry out a process of corporate inversion, which involves the relocation of a companys base to a country with low-tax jurisdictions. As a result of this corporations such as Apple have reduced their corporate income tax by an average of $10 billion-a-year for the past four years. This strategy allowed them to pay an effective tax rate of 12.6% one of the lowest among U.S. corporations. Currently corporation tax in the U.S stands at 35% the highest overall rate of any of the worlds developed economies. This contrast in corporation tax undoubtedly indicates the power of MNCs translated through the first dime nsions of power in its simplest form by multinational corporations (A) exercising power over the government (B). This is reflected in that although there are laws in place multinational corporations bypass and circumvent these laws. Their economic power provides them with the means to establish more favourable conditions for their company to prosper, ultimately maximising their profits. In this context the power of MNCs over the US government is prominent in that their superior economic resources puts them in a position to exploit the existing tax loopholes for corporate benefit. Nonetheless this can be undermined in that multinational corporations do not possess full exception from tax and that although they may carry out measures to avoid tax; this doesnt go unnoticed by the government. Corporations such as Apple have come under fire from the Senate Subcommittee; with the investigations chairman Carl Levin coming to a conclusion that Apple used a complex web of offshore entities to avoid paying billions of dollars in US income taxes. Additionally the Obama administration has also undertaken measures to curtail tax inversion. Treasury Secretary Jack Lew passed a bill which would significantly diminish the ability of inverted companies to escape U.S. taxation. As a result this clearly indicates that the government retains power as they continue to exercise authority over such corporations ensuring that legal jurisdictions are followed. It ultimately challenges the view that multinationals have vast amount of power which allows the government to disregard thei r tax avoidance. However this doesnt weaken the fact that multinational corporations still possess a significant amount of power over the government in regards to taxation. Due to corporate inversions and other forms of tax avoidance by multinationals, they have forced the US government to form a debate about the current levels of corporation tax and what type of action should be taken to subvert corporate inversions. President Barack Obama's 2015 budget proposed making inversions harder to do by raising the foreign ownership required. Congressional Democrats have made similar proposals. This influence over the US government can be expressed through the second dimension of power.

Definitions and Examples of Word Formation

Definitions and Examples of Word Formation In linguistics (particularly morphology  and lexicology), word formation refers to the ways in which new words are made on the basis of other words or morphemes. Also called derivational morphology. Word-formation can denote either a state or a process, and it can be viewed either diachronically (through different periods in history)  or synchronically  (at one particular period in time). See examples and observations below. In  The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language,  David Crystal writes about word formations:   Most English vocabulary arises by making new lexemes out of old ones - either by adding an affix to previously existing forms, altering their word class, or combining them to produce compounds. These processes of construction are of interest to grammarians as well as lexicologists. ...  but the importance of word-formation to the development of the lexicon is second to none. ... After all, almost any lexeme, whether Anglo-Saxon or foreign, can be given an affix, change its word class, or help make a compound. Alongside the Anglo-Saxon ​root in ​kingly, for example, we have the French root in royally and the Latin root in regally. There is no elitism here. The processes of affixation, conversion, and compounding are all great levelers.(David Crystal, The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, 2003) Processes of Word-Formation Apart from the processes that attach something to a base (affixation) and processes that do not alter the base (conversion), there are processes involving the deletion of material. ... English Christian names, for example, can be shortened by deleting parts of the base word (see 11) This type of word formation is called truncation, with the term clipping also being used. (11a) Ron (-Aaron)(11a) Liz (-Elizabeth)(11a) Mike (-Michael)(11a) Trish (-Patricia)(11b) condo (-condominium)(11b) demo (-demonstration)(11b) disco (-discotheque)(11b) lab (-laboratory) Sometimes truncation and affixation can occur together, as with formations expressing intimacy or smallness, so-called diminutives: (12) Mandy (-Amanda)(12) Andy (-Andrew)(12) Charlie (-Charles)(12) Patty (-Patricia)(12) Robbie (-Roberta) We also find so-called blends, which are amalgamations of parts of different words, such as smog (-smoke/fog) or modem (modulator/demodulator). Blends based on orthography are called acronyms, which are coined by combining the initial letters of compounds or phrases into a pronounceable new word (NATO, UNESCO, etc.). Simple abbreviations like UK or USA are also quite common.(Ingo Plag, Word-Formation in English. Cambridge University Press, 2003) Academic Studies of Word-Formation - Following years of complete or partial neglect of issues concerning word formation (by which we mean primarily derivation, compounding, and conversion), the year 1960 marked a revival- some might even say a resurrection- of this important field of linguistic study. While written in completely different theoretical frameworks (structuralist vs. transformationalist), both Marchands Categories and Types of Present-Day English Word-Formation in Europe and Lees Grammar of English Nominalizations instigated systematic research in the field. As a result, a large number of seminal works emerged over the next decades, making  the scope of word-formation research broader and deeper, thus contributing to better understanding of this exciting area of human language.(Pavol Ã…Â  tekauer and Rochelle Lieber, preface to Handbook of Word-Formation. Springer, 2005)- [R]ecent voices stressing the importance of investigating word formation in the light of cognitive processes can be interpreted f rom two general perspectives. First of all, they indicate that a structural approach to the architecture of words and a cognitive view are not incompatible. On the contrary, both perspectives try to work out regularities in language. What sets them apart is the basic vision of how language is encapsulated in the mind and the ensuing choice of terminology in the description of the processes. . . . [C]ognitive linguistics concedes closely to the self-organizing nature of humans and their language, whereas generative-structuralist perspectives represent external boundaries as given in the institutionalized order of human interaction.(Alexander Onysko and Sascha Michel, Introduction: Unravelling the Cognitive in Word Formation. Cognitive Perspectives on Word Formation. Walter de Gruyter, 2010) Birth and Death Rates of Words Statistical Laws Governing Fluctuations in Word Use from Word Birth to Word Death.   Just as a new species can be born into an environment, a word can emerge in a language. Evolutionary selection laws can apply pressure on the sustainability of new words since there are limited resources (topics, books, etc.) for the use of words. Along the same lines, old words can be driven to extinction when cultural and technological factors limit the use of a word, in analogy to the environmental factors that can change the survival capacity of a living species by altering its ability to survive and reproduce. Source Petersen, Alexander M. Statistical Laws Governing Fluctuations in Word Use from Word Birth to Word Death. Scientific Reports volume 2, Joel Tenenbaum, Shlomo Havlin, et al., Scientific Reports, Nature, March 15, 2012.