Identifying Women With Dense Breasts At High Risk For...

This paper explores two articles Identifying Women with Dense Breasts at High Risk for Interval Cancer (2015), how certain states have laws that the doctors need to tell the women if they have dense breast or not. If the women do have dense breast that they have to get supplemental imaging because when women do have dense breast they are at a higher risk of getting cancer. Also, Elevated Expression of HABP1 Is Correlated with Metastasis and Poor Survival in Breast Cancer Patients (2015), Hyaluronan-binding protein 1 (HABP1) is a protein with a high affinity of HA and is shown to have regulated in the cancer cells. When silencing the HABP1 it doesn’t allow the migration of breast cancer cell lines. In the article, Identifying Women with Dense Breasts at High Risk for Interval Cancer, it explains how that there are twenty-one states that passed a law on how women are to notified if they have dense breast and that they also need to be able to discuss supplemental imaging with their doctor. The doctors want to have direct discussions of supplemental imaging by determining which combinations of breast cancer risk and Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System are associated with breast density categories because of the fact that interval cancer rates are so high. By having high density risk can really be scaring, but it also can cause mask tumors and decrease the sensitivity of a mammography which is not good at all. In the twenty-one states that passed the law are the onlyShow MoreRelatedSocm Study Guide Essay30404 Words   |  122 Pagesmolecules that do not contain carbon atoms. (except carbon dioxide) 7 Explain how chemical properties of water make life possible * Water is an excellent solvent – most chemical reactions in the body take place in solution * Water has a high heat capacity – stays a liquid and helps move energy (heat) * Water is an essential reactant in chemical reactions of living systems – released by synthesis and absorbed during decomposition 8 Describe the physiological role of inorganic compoundsRead MoreMethods of Qualitative of Data Collection19658 Words   |  79 Pagesand affect in addition to her words. It is, however, a method that requires a great deal of the researcher. Discomfort, uncomfortable ethical dilemmas and even danger, the difficulty of managing a relatively unobtrusive role, and the challenge of identifying the big picture while finely observing huge amounts of fast-moving and complex behavior are just a few of the challenges. Whether a researcher is simply observing from afar or finding a participant-observer role in the setting, some contexts mayRead MoreBrand Building Blocks96400 Words   |  386 Pageseffective packaging or marketing. Given these characteristics, they enjoyed only temporary sales spurts during recessionary times. No more. While still offering so-called price brands, retailers are also increasingly offering private label brands at the high end of the business. Such brands are competitive with national brands in quality and marketing support but have substantial cost advantages - in part because the cost of the brand management team, sales force, and advertising is lower and can be spreadRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesSelf-Awareness 84 Communist Prison Camp 84 Computerized Exam 85 Decision Dilemmas 86 SKILL PRACTICE 89 Exercises for Improving Self-Awareness Through Self-Disclosure 89 Through the Looking Glass 89 Diagnosing Managerial Characteristics 90 An Exercise for Identifying Aspects of Personal Culture: A L earning Plan and Autobiography 92 SKILL APPLICATION 95 Activities for Developing Self-Awareness 95 Suggested Assignments 95 Application Plan and Evaluation 95 SCORING KEYS AND COMPARISON DATA 97 Self-Awareness Assessment

Corrections Timeline Essay - 890 Words

Correctional timeline This essay is going to show the development with four eras of the correctional system. The four eras that will be discussed with be: 1800, 1960, 1980 and 2000. For each era we will go over the description of the holding or monitoring of the offenders, the treatment and punishment of the offenders and the influences of the particular era on today’s correctional system. The conclusion will discuss the most beneficial era to the correctional system, as well as, recommendations for ways in which the current correctional system could be improved upon. Penitentiary era 1800’s With the ideas of The Age of Enlightenment growing in popularity, a new concept of criminal punishment came into play; the penitentiary. The†¦show more content†¦In 1839, the County of Chester built its first off site jail at Market and New Street in West Chester, Pennsylvania. This structure subsequently underwent alteration and additions up until 1941. This Prison was modeled after the Walnut Street jails in Philadelphia the first County institution which was built in 1770. The only differences were the sanitary provisions, beds and heating for each cell. 1862 – A cabinet shop is opened in the prison. In the next ten years, the prison will add a shoe shop, a tailor shop, a wagon factory, and an expansion to the cabinet shop for other furniture and chairs. By 1878, the revenues will be sufficient to allow the prison to run without drawing appropriations from the state’s treasury. A knitting industry is added in 1893, a twine plant in 1912, a cannery in 1915, a license plate operation in 1917, a print shop in the early 1920s, and a laundry in 1940. The laundry, license plate, wood and metal furniture, printing and signage, silk-screening, and tailoring operations survive to this day at the prison. Community Era 1960’s to 1980 During this era there were lot of Development of behavioral techniques in 1930s and 1940s brought about concept of treatment in prisons. â€Å"Correctional Facilities.† Treatment based on â€Å"medical model.† Individual and group therapy programs evolved. Neurosurgery- Used to control aggressive behavior and destructive urges –Show MoreRelatedCorrections Timeline2539 Words   |  11 PagesCJ121 – Corrections 14 JUL 2010 Corrections Timeline This narrative will illustrate a timeline depicting four eras within the correctional system of America. The eras that I will be discussing are: 1800, 1920-1950, 1990, and 2000’s. For each era, the following items will be described: the history and development, treatment and punishment of the offenders, the description of the holding and monitoring of the offenders. The conclusion will discuss the alternatives to incarceration and the influencesRead MoreHistory And History Of Corrections1069 Words   |  5 PagesHistory of Corrections Sarah Barnett Criminal Justice 1101 Mrs. Childs â€Æ' History of Corrections Corrections have been around since almost the beginning of the nomadic time of people. The Huns developed systems of punishment for behavior or resistance throughout Mongolia. Because of the development of agriculture cities started to become more populated and cultures and fears of people taking advantage or causing harm to others became more and more widespread. This led to more formal systems of punishmentRead MorePrior Month Report1227 Words   |  5 Pagesliquidate assets in a method that results in the highest net proceeds to the Trust in the shortest time; IV. Overall timeline management, particularly relating to the resolution of issues impacting the REO but that are managed and coordinated by various departments at SLS Loan Servicing such as rescission of sales, bankruptcy related matters, payment of fees for the deed to record or correction of title issues V. SAM’s use of auctions for occupied and vacant assets I. Aged Assets As of November 30, 2017Read MoreAb109 Paper949 Words   |  4 Pagesin our overpopulated 33 prisons. The cause ab109 and ab117 to be put into place was a lawsuit Plata vs. Schwarzenegger fact that California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation was in violation of the eight amendments, the American with Disabilities Act and section 504 rehabilitation act of 1973. The California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation medical services repeatedly violated. Which this happen it was decided by a three judge penal of the U.S. Supreme court they concludedRead MoreWhy Are You Passionate About This Project?1254 Words   |  6 PagesWhy are you passionate about this project? As a Supervisor of a Health Information Management department within a large health care organization, one of my responsibilities is overseeing the corrections of chart errors made by providers and authors. These corrections encompass both clinical and non-clinical charting errors. I do applaud the strong emphasis placed on patient safety and the prevention of medical errors; however, patient safety does not stop with the completion of the patientRead MoreThe Third Quarter Of 2015848 Words   |  4 Pagesfinally succumbed to selling pressure that has been affecting financial markets across the globe. For over a year volatility has been a feature of the world s currency, credit and commodity markets. In addition, many world stock markets have been in correction mode, especially emerging markets. Financial markets are interconnected so as poor economic news piled up last quarter all stock markets headed lower. The SP 500 fell by -6.44% but that was better than just about any ot her equity asset class. USRead MoreSenior Non Commissioned Officer ( Snco ) Tier1296 Words   |  6 Pagesgoal on a timeline, the time to commit is now. It will end when I can no longer serve in a capacity that benefits both parties. If I am earnest in my pursuits to transition to the SNCO tier, there are other areas I must give attention to as well. I vow to present myself as a prime example for others to follow, both in and out of uniform; the Profession of Arms does not utilize a time clock. I am going to stop ignoring situations that warrant correction both on- and off-duty. The timeline for reachingRead MoreImplementation Of A Project Team Formed And A Manager From Procurement Department834 Words   |  4 PagesPrioritized Causes †¢ Prioritized the root causes using voting and control-impact matrix. Some of the significant root causes identified in the Analyze phase were: †¢ Incomplete details in purchase indents. †¢ Delays in purchase indent verifications, corrections and approvals. †¢ Delays in purchase order approvals. †¢ Delays in vendor responses and quotations. †¢ Finance clearance and approval delays. †¢ Delays in decision making on alternate components. †¢ Incomplete and delayed documentation for customs clearanceRead MoreA Detailed Strategy Of Marketing Strategy Essay925 Words   |  4 Pagesthem through the advertise in the magazine option. The format to be used would be text and pictures from previous trip. Timeline Taking into consideration that the event is taking place from January 18- 22, 2016, the following dates have been chosen as a deadline for all the tasks that should be completed before Nakanari travels to Indonesia. The below timeline shall guarantee the success of the PR communication and distribution strategy: †¢ December 14, 2015 o Research and Select keywordsRead MoreProblems Associated With Autism Spectrum Disorder1265 Words   |  6 Pagesprinted name from an array of other people’s names (receptive identification). 3. Client is able to match their picture to their printed name when handed either the picture or name when presented an array of names and pictures. †¢ Due to the short timeline of this placement I will be focusing on teaching the client step one of the task analysis and, if time permitting, move to other the other steps. †¢ This will involve the acquisition of behaviour. †¢ Operational definition for step 1: the client will

Various Approaches Of Quality Management Large Organizations

Question: Discuss about the Various Approaches Of Quality Management That Are Practiced In Large Organizations Like Toyota? Answer: Introduction: In this paper, the various strategies that need to be implemented in Toyota, so as to improve the existing quality management system, have been discussed in details. a. Definitions of quality The quality of any service or product provided by a business organization refers to the perception of quantifying the degree of satisfaction that customers have in terms of using the products of the organization or the services of the organization. The key to achieve a high quality in terms of products and service is to design and develop the products being made available to the customers in such a way that the end products are able to meet the expectations of the customers. However, it should be mentioned that quality has no special meaning until and unless it is associated or related to any specific object, product and/ or functionality of the business procedure: quality is nothing but a conditional perception that can be considered as an attribute of an object or product, in spite of being somewhat subjective. The interpretation of the term quality in context of business kept on changing with time. Thus, the term quality can be defined in various ways, some of which have been described in the following section: The American Society for Quality defines quality as term that can be used subjectively by each and every other person, depending on the personal definition of the term (Myer, 2003). However, in general, term quality can be thought of having two meanings, when used in technical aspects: on one hand it can be considered as those characteristics of the services and products that have the ability to satisfy the needs of the customers, according to the specifications being provided. On the other hand, quality can also be considered as a product or service which is free of deficiencies. Peter Drucker defines quality as the utilities that are available to a customer from the purchase of any product or service: and the quantification of quality can be done by gathering the information that how much exactly the customers are willing to pay to avail the utilities (Hunt, 2009). The ISO 9000 standards define quality as the extent to which a product or a set of services are able to meet the requirements of the customers: where the word requirement is used in a dual sense, to mean the expectation of the customers or their specific needs (International standards desk reference: your passport to world markets, ISO 9000, CE Mark, QS-9000, SSM, ISO 14000, Q 9000, American, European, and global standards systems, 2007). However, the Six Sigma rule defines quality to be the quantity of defects present in each million of opportunities (Snee, 2010). The first two definitions mentioned above consider quality to be a subjective attribute used to define an object; only the ISO 9000 and the Six Sigma standards can be used to quantify quality. However, in manufacturing industry, although the designs are developed keeping in mind the specific requirements of the customers, yet each and every product has to pass through various testing phases that aim at eliminating any defective part from being incorporated in a finished product. Thus the Six Sigma standard should be used by Toyota. b.Processes of inspection and assurance The movement for developing quality products can be traced back to the 13th century Europe where guilds were being formed for the purpose of quality checking. The Industrial Revolution of the 1800s further emphasized the need of proper quality checks of the products being manufactured and from the early 1900s, quality practices were being considered as an essential aspect of product development. However, the various standards of total quality management were being formulated only after the Japanese quality movement started post World War II (Wong and Li, 2010). Various methods are put to use in the process of inspecting products and providing the assurance of quality, some of which have been discussed in the following section. Quality Planning: This process is used to identify specific quality standards that would be confirmed to while manufacturing a product, besides determining the processes that should be used to satisfy the specifications mentioned in the standards (Chung Sea Law, 2010). Quality Assurance: the process using which the overall performance of the production system is measured or evaluated, besides providing the assurance that the characteristics of the products will adhere to chosen quality standard is known as quality assurance (Chung Sea Law, 2010). The evaluation of the entire process of production is performed using various tools and techniques, besides the implementation of quality audits. Quality Control: In this stage, the products and/or services provided by the organization are monitored so as to determine whether they conform to the associated quality standards. Various methods are used for the process of quality control of a product, some of them being Pareto diagrams, statistical sampling, trend analysis etc (McDowall, 2006). Total Quality Management: TQM refers to the process of implementing various quality improvement strategies throughout all the operational activities of an organization, like that of planning, field testing, designing, training, auditing etc (Steensen, 2010). The BS 5750 is a British Standard of excellence used in evaluate the process of quality management; it had been originally designed as an engineering standard, but currently is being applied to other industries, like that of hospitality, food and beverages, etc. The ISO 9002 is model developed by the International Organization for Standardization, so as to assure the standard of quality in the production industry, the installation industry and the servicing industry. These two standards are widely being used by organizations for their quality control processes. c.Quality management approaches Edward Deming (1986) was of the opinion that quality should be considered as anything the customer requires or expects from a product or service he or she is paying for (Taggart, 2011). Deming had propagated a Plan Do Check Act (PDCA) cycle which aims at producing goods and services of high quality to meet the expectations of the customers (Bayes et al., 1963). Joseph Juran is widely known for his principle of "Quality Trilogy": a process made up of three stages namely planning of quality, improvement of quality, and control of quality (Wood and Wood, 2005, De Feo and Barnard, 2004). According to Ishikawa, the employees of an organization have a major role in the process of quality control of the organization, keeping in mind that relying overly on the quality o the professionals might reduce the scope improvement (Lighter, Fair and Lighter, 2004). According to this theory, quality control should be implied on the company itself, the management, and the human resources and so on and so forth (Bradley and Thompson, 2000). According to Phillip Crosby, quality should be defined as the adherence to the requirements of the customers and the prevention of wastage should be considered as the first step towards quality management. The above mentioned strategies have been compared in the following section: Guru Definitions of Quality Emphasis Dominant factor Deming Customer led Process Control of variation Juran Customer led People and Process Fitness for use Ishikawa Value led People and Process Companywide quality control Phillip Crosby Supply led Performance and process Conformance to requirements Toyota has been experiencing issues on different models of their products for the past few financial years, which indicates that the fault lies somewhere within the operational activities used to design and develop the products. Thus, Ishikawas model of quality management should be implemented by Toyota to win back the faith of customers. a.Customer satisfaction Customer satisfaction can be defined as the degree to which the customers feel happy and/ or satisfied with the products or services that they have purchased form an organization. It is generally found that customers feel satisfied when a product or service along with being pocket friendly, meets their specific requirements and delivers all those utilities that have been promised by the manufacturer (Barlow and Mller, 2008). Any organization can increase the level of customer satisfaction through the application of following strategies: Providing better information: Providing better and helpful information about the technologies used in the products and/or the services, and their utilities results in raising the level of customer satisfaction (Inghilleri and Solomon, 2010). Improved quality of products: Providing the customers with goods and services of higher qualities, as compared to the same commodities being manufactured by competitor companies, ensures that the customers will be satisfied with the organization. After sales services: The availability of high quality after sales services ensures a high level of customer satisfaction. Presently, most manufacturing organizations provide the details of their products, the various technologies used in these products and the services that are available on the purchase of these products on their official websites. Thus customers have an easy access to all such information, comparing which they can decide on which product or service to choose. Thus, in todays world of information technology, the only strategy which organizations can move win the competition with their competitors is by providing higher quality products and services (GuÃÅ'ˆngoÃÅ'ˆr, 2007). b.Continuous quality improvement A continuous improvement process can be thought of s a series of ongoing efforts that aim at improving the products and the services that are being made available to the customers or processes that are used to design and develop such product and services (Chrupcala, Edwards and Spatz, 2015). Such efforts become instrumental in the achievement of "Incremental" improvements over long period of time or achieving "breakthrough" improvements within a stipulated time period. W. Edwards Deming was the first who propagated such a developmental procedure, in which the effectiveness and efficiency of the product and/or service delivery systems are constantly being evaluated and improved based on the feedback available from the customers and the estimation of the condition of the market. This strategy is also known as Kaizen, a Japanese word which means changing for good (McFadden, Stock and Gowen, 2015). The kaizen methodology follows sis major steps that can be used to ensure continuous quality improvement (McLean, Antony and Dahlgaard, 2015): Step1: Discovering improvement potential: Toyota should focus on those small aspects of their operational activities that have a significant effect on the production of cars. Bringing about minor changes in those aspects could result in a major improvement of the entire system. Step2: Analyze current methods: The processes currently being utilized in the identified operational activities should be critically analyzed. Step3: Generating ideas: The organization should work on original ideas that could improve the methods currently being used. In the next step, these ideas should be implemented within the scope of a pilot project, and efficiency of the pilot project should be well analyzed before implementing the changes throughout the production system. c.Value added services: Added value can be considered as the difference in the value of the raw materials that are used for production and that of the finished product available from the production line. From the marketing point of view, those values that when added to a product creates a brand value for the commodity arte considered to be the added value of that particular service or product. In general, the brand values of products or services are improved by enhancing the technologies incorporated in the products or services, the designs used, the methodologies used to develop the products and the utilities available from the products or services (Hargitai, 2002). The values that are added to various products and services are of the following types: Quality Added Value: Adds use of convince or other desirable characteristics to the product. Environmental Added Value: Employment of methods and processes that is not harmful to the environment. Cause-related added value: Products or services that donate a part of the generated sales revenue to some social cause. Cultural added value: Products that are designed and developed using methods that meet the requirements of customers having distinct cultural values. Toyota could include such designs or features in their cars that would be beneficial for the disabled people, thus incorporating quality added values to their products. Reducing the amount of waste created by their production system would help in the incorporation of environmental value in their products (Thomas, 2003). d.Availability of information: On their official website, Toyota makes available the following types of information (Wang et al., 2005): The details of all the products that the company manufactures. The details of the technologies used in the products. The after sales Quick services available to the customers. The various authorized service centers and show rooms of the organization The details of those organizations that would provide financial help to those customers who purchase Toyota products. The information provided by the organization helps the customers to compare products before purchasing and to collect the details of the showrooms and the other such facilities beforehand. Effective marketing can be considered as the quality by virtue of which organizations are able to maximize the amount of revenue generated through sale of products. When an organization provides detailed information regarding any product, the customers provide much more attention to it as compared to those products whose detailed information is not released by the manufacturing companies. Customers tend to choose products that have been well-reviewed by others or which have been improved by the manufacturing organization over a period of time. Toyota, by providing such details of their products on their official website is able to draw the attention of the customers towards their products. a.Quality measurement: Quality measurement can be considered as the process of measuring the level of the quality services that are being made available to the customers of the organization. The measurement of quality is used in the following ways (Tang, 2005): Program measurement: Overseeing the major functionalities of the system to ensure that the goals of the program are successfully met with. Accountability: Providing a demonstration of the goals that have been achieved. Quality improvement: Improving those aspects of the operational activities that are not functioning according to the requirements of the management. Reporting Results: Generating internal reports regarding the quality of services provided to the customers. Quality can be measured using the following methods (Shanmugam, 2007): Six sigma: is a structured and data defined methodology that is useful in eliminating defects from any process, be it manufacturing or providing services to others. The six sigma methodology can be used in Toyota to eliminate defects from all operational activities of the organization (Ray and Das, 2010). Statistical Quality Control: is a method of quality control which utilizes various statistical methodologies to monitor and control a process. The Statistical Quality Control would be useful in reducing the defects present in the production system of the organization to a significant extent. b.Benefits of user and non-user surveys i.User Surveys: When a survey is conducted with the aim of questioning only those people who are currently using some product of a specific brand or organization, a user survey is said to be in use. The benefits of a user survey are as follows (Imam, 2014): Feedback of customer satisfaction: The organization gets an overview of the current level of customer satisfaction. Tracking changes: By conducting several surveys, the changes in levels of customer feedback can be clearly understood, thus revealing the changes in the requirements of the customers. Expressing commitment: By user surveys are conducted by organizations, the customers are made aware of the commitment of the manufacture to quality products and services. ii. Non-User Surveys: When surveys are conducted with the aim of including the perceptions of those customers who do not use the products of a specific company, the survey is termed as a non-user survey. The benefits of such a survey are (Kenett and Salini, 2011): Identification of current market trends: Interviewing the non-user groups provide a chance of gaining knowledge about the current trend of the market in terms of utilities and features being made available to the users. Identification of customer requirements: a non-user survey is able to reveal those requirements of the target customers that are not met by the products being designed and developed by the organization. c.Methods of consultation People belonging to certain ethnicity and strata of the society, who have not been included while conducting surveys or have been included in far lesser numbers than others, are often termed as under- represented groups. In general, people belonging to non-native ethnic races and those belonging to families having lower income, form such groups (Nie, 2009). The government has been providing various aids to the under- represented groups in order to improve the standard of living of these groups. Thus the economic conditions of such groups have improved significantly in the past few years, along with the increase in their capacity of spending. Thus, at this point of time, the under- represented groups are being considered as a target group by various organizations: hence the need to include them in consumer surveys. The various methods using which such surveys can be conducted are: Surveys using printed questioners or forms can be used to include under-represented groups in consumer surveys. Telephonic and/ or Mail surveys: The telephone numbers and the e mail addresses of customers are collected by most organizations these days and can be used to conduct surveys. Group interviews: Interviewing a group of people can also be used as a survey tool. Surveys can also be conducted various social media sites. d.Complaints procedures A procedure, following which the customers can inform the manufacturing organization about the defects present in their products any other grievances regarding the quality of the products, is known as a complaint procedure (Complaints and disciplinary procedures, 2010). Most companies provide three processes available to the customers, using which they can register any product or quality related complaint to the company: the processes being- Using the hot-line numbers provided for the purpose of registering complaints Registering complaints by sending e-mails to those departments who are concerned with the activity of solving such issues By providing feedbacks on the official websites of the organizations Among the above mentioned procedures, using the hotline number is that procedure which is most frequently used by customers. When a customer calls such numbers, the representatives of the organization at first listen to their problems and tries to provide feasible solutions. When they are unable to do so, they register the complaint made by the customer and contact those technicians or engineers who they feel would be able to solve the problems (Mller, 2014). Since Toyota uses latest technologies in their products, any technical problem faced by the customers can only be solved by the authorized technicians of the company. Hence the process mentioned above would be helpful in consulting such a person. a.Self-assessment: The process using which the higher management of an organization is bale to assess the performance of the company, its strength and weakness and the various sizeable opportunities that are available to the organization are known as the self asse4sment procedures. Using a self assessment procedure, the management can reveal whether the objectives and goals of the organization are met with or not: it plays a vital role in the process of conducting business in a successful way. It is the primary tool that can be used to reveal the state of health of the organization and to find out those operational activities that need to be improved to meet the goals of the organization. The various self assessment procedures used by organizations are: Benchmarking: Organizations often consider various internationally accepted standards to compare their current situations in order to evaluate their state of health. Internal self-assessment and External agencies: Review committees internal to the organization are often formed to review the various operational activities of the organization. External agencies can also be employed to do the same. Peer review: assessment groups from organizations operating in similar fields can also be employed for the process of assessment. b.Importance of communication and record keeping: A well formed communication system is an essential part of an effective quality management system. In order to measure the efficiency of the quality management system, organizations need to communicate with their customers and stakeholders alike, and then communicate the feedback provided by them to the management so as formulate strategies that would help in meeting the requirements of the customers. Thus, communication forms the backbone of any successful organization. Record keeping is yet another activity that plays a vital role in the operational activities of an organization. Records about various products are maintained by organizations along with the details of customers, employees, dealers and other stakeholders of the organization. The various strategic decisions taken by the management of the organizations are generally based on the records maintained by the organization. The communication processes used in large organizations are basically of two types: Formal: Sending official mails to dealers, stakeholders; conducting official meetings, etc Informal: telephonic or electronic communication among employees; telephonic communication with customers and dealers, etc. In an organization as large as Toyota, the information regarding the newly launched products and the stock of old products need to be regularly communicated to the authorize dealers. The management needs to communicate the newly implemented strategies and technologies to the employees from time to time. Organizations also communicate with their customers on a regular basis regarding the feedbacks provided by them and / or the complaints registered by them: the marketing strategies used for branding processes could also be considered as a communication strategy. Last but not the least; the employees are also encouraged to communicate innovative ideas that they feel are potential enough to be practically implemented, to the higher management. c.Staff consultation: Encouraging the employees to participate in the process of developing tactical strategies is one of the best management policies that have been implemented in Toyota. The organization is known for the active participation of all its employees in various operational aspects that aim at improving the quality and reducing the costs associated with production. Employees are also encouraged to communicate those ideas which they feel would be beneficial to the company. The process of staff consultation makes sure that the employees do not feel pressurized by the decisions taken by the management but actively participate in them. The various stages of staff consultation have been described in the following section: Figure: Deming Cycle - PDCA Cycle As depicted in the Deming cycle, the employees are encouraged to plan a strategy at first and act according to it. After that, the results of the activities are measured and adjustments are made to the strategies: after which the newly found strategies are re-implemented. The cycle is continued until and unless the strategies are discarded or an optimized plan is developed. d.Modifying Toyotas existing systems: In order to improve the quality of services being provided to the customers, most organizations implement a wide range of changes in the way they manage the quality of their products: organizations seriously consider the feedbacks provided by the customers and work on the defects pointed out by them, besides implementing strategies like re-defining quality services and redesigning the procedures used to measure the satisfaction levels of the customers and updating the tools that are used to provide high quality services to the customers. Thus, it can be safely said that implementing changes in the process of quality management is essential for improving the system. In order to improve the existing operation al system, Toyota could implement the following strategies: Encouraging the employees to provide new ideas and work on them Providing proper training to the employees and employing skilled employees in the production line Investing in the production of hybrid cars Including more non-Asian employees in the higher management The staff consultation and employment of trained workers will be helpful in maintaining the quality of the products developed by Toyota. On the other hand, hybrid cars are being considered as the future generation of cars and Toyota should invest in the process of developing such cars to avail the advantage of being the first mover in the market. Last but not the least, the incorporation of more non-Asian employees in the top management will help the company in capturing the non-Asian market. Conclusion: In this paper, an in detailed discussion has been made regarding the Various Approaches Of Quality Management That Are Practiced In Large Organizations Like Toyota, the benefits of such management systems, and the range of quality control methodologies used in general. In the last section of the report, the principle which should be implemented to improve the quality management system at Toyota has been discussed. References Barlow, J. and Mller, C. (2008). A complaint is a gift. San Francisco, Calif.: Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Bayes, T., Price, R., Molina, E., Canton, J. and Deming, W. (1963). Facsimiles of two papers by Bayes. New York: Hafner Pub. Co. Bradley, M. and Thompson, N. (2000). Quality management integration in long-term care. Baltimore, MD: Health Professions Press. Chrupcala, K., Edwards, T. and Spatz, D. (2015). A Continuous Quality Improvement Project to Implement Infant-Driven Feeding as a Standard of Practice in the Newborn/Infant Intensive Care Unit. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, Neonatal Nursing, p.n/a-n/a. Chung Sea Law, D. (2010). Quality assurance in postà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ secondary education: the student experience. Quality Assurance in Education, 18(4), pp.250-270. Chung Sea Law, D. (2010). Quality assurance in postà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ secondary education. Quality Assurance in Education, 18(1), pp.64-77. Complaints and disciplinary procedures. (2010). Veterinary Record, 166(24), pp.737-737. De Feo, J. and Barnard, W. (2004). Juran Institute's six sigma. New York: McGraw-Hill. GuÃÅ'ˆngoÃÅ'ˆr, H. (2007). Observing and registering emotional satisfaction of customer contacts. [Amsterdam]: Amsterdam Univ. Press. Hargitai, C. (2002). Value added taxation of electronic supply of services within the European Community. [New York]: New York University School of Law. Hunt, M. (2009). Peter Drucker: A generous spirit. Leader to Leader, 2010(S1), pp.27-32. Imam, R. (2014). Measuring Public Transport Satisfaction from User Surveys. IJBM, 9(6). Inghilleri, L. and Solomon, M. (2010). Exceptional service, exceptional profit. New York: American Management Association. International standards desk reference: your passport to world markets, ISO 9000, CE Mark, QS-9000, SSM, ISO 14000, Q 9000, American, European, and global standards systems. (2007). Choice Reviews Online, 34(10), pp.34-5780-34-5780. Kenett, R. and Salini, S. (2011). Modern analysis of customer surveys. Chichester: John Wiley Sons. Lighter, D., Fair, D. and Lighter, D. (2004). Quality management in health care. Sudbury, Mass.: Jones and Bartlett. McDowall, R. (2006). Quality assurance implications for computerized systems following the Able Laboratories FDA Inspection. Assur. J., 10(1), pp.15-20. McFadden, K., Stock, G. and Gowen, C. (2015). Leadership, safety climate, and continuous quality improvement. Health Care Management Review, 40(1), pp.24-34. McLean, R., Antony, J. and Dahlgaard, J. (2015). Failure of Continuous Improvement initiatives in manufacturing environments: a systematic review of the evidence. Total Quality Management Business Excellence, pp.1-19. Mller, J. (2014). Complaints Procedures - Possible Reform?. Nordic Journal of International Law, 61(1-4), pp.209-212. Myer, L. (2003). The American Society for Quality. Assur. J., 7(3), pp.202-203. Nie, G. (2009). Customer Satisfaction Management with Counting Opinion Surveys. Public Library Quarterly, 28(3), pp.204-211. Ray, S. and Das, P. (2010). Six Sigma project selection methodology. Lean Six Sigma Journal, 1(4), pp.293-309. Shanmugam, V. (2007). Six Sigma Cup: Establishing Ground Rules for Successful Six Sigma Deployment. Total Quality Management Business Excellence, 18(1-2), pp.77-82. Snee, R. (2010). Lean Six Sigma getting better all the time. Lean Six Sigma Journal, 1(1), pp.9-29. Steensen, E. (2010). Quality performance excellence: Management, organization and strategy. Total Quality Management Business Excellence, 21(10), pp.1057-1057. Taggart, J. (2011). Strategy guideline. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of Energy, Energy Efficiency Renewable Energy, Building Technologies Program. Tang, S. (2005). Construction quality management. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. Thomas, M. (2003). High-performance consulting skills. London: Thorogood. Wang, Y., Pierce, E., Madnik, S., Fisher, C. and Zwass, V. (2005). Information quality. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe. Wong, M. and Li, H. (2010). From External Inspection to Self-Evaluation: A Study of Quality Assurance in Hong Kong Kindergartens. Early Education Development, 21(2), pp.205-233. Wood, J. and Wood, M. (2005). Joseph M. Juran. London: Routledge.

Sexuality in America

Question: Discuss about theSexuality in America. Answer: Introduction Globalization modernization has contributed to the progressive change of perspective about sexuality and more specifically sexual orientation in the American society. This has consequently led to the establishment of laws that protect the minority whose sexuality is not in conformity with the general cultural definition of sexual identity, gender identity, and sexual orientation. Besides, there have emerged a number of institutions whose primary role is to advocate for the adherence of these laws by all Americans as well as pushing for adoption of such laws internationally (Murphy Spear, 2011). The focus of this writing will be on the rapid changes that have occurred in the American society with regard to sexuality in the late 20th century and 21st century. It will explore the factors that have influenced these changes and the particular changeovers that have occurred throughout the course of modernization and globalization. This will include how the American society has generally r esponded to legalization and recognition of relationships between people of diverse sexual orientations. Secondly, the essay will discuss the global perspective on this matter of sexuality. Lastly, it will explore instances of discrimination, isolation, violence and stigma against the affected minority group in various environments. This will include the legal, health, religious and human rights implications with regard to the subject matter. The American society has had a social change in all spheres on how sexual orientation is perceived with the introduction of computerization, internet, and globalization. According to James and Newsweek (2015), widespread of information sharing is a factor that has brought about cultural relativism, cultural tolerance, and diversity. Traditionally, in most American societies, the issues surrounding human sexuality had standard values that were strictly adhered to and which attracted severe punishment upon transgressing the morality values of the popular culture. In the 1950s, the males were generally considered masculine and females being feminine and distinct roles were defined for each gender in the society. Heterosexuality was the only acceptable sexual orientation. Consequently, people with other sexual orientations were discriminated, stigmatized besides experiencing violence and abuse. Most of the homosexual community individuals were denied jobs in both the public and private s ector and sometimes faced legal charges that saw them being imprisoned or banished from their communities (Ciment, 2014). This was the first time most people in America were heard of trying to change their sexes prompting to research into the matter by anthropologists, theorists, and clinicians. Thus a lot was found out of human behaviour, gender identity the social and environmental factors that affect them. Sexuality depends on the four main interrelated aspects that are sexual conduct, sexual identity, gender identity and sexual orientation. They all affect personality, growth, development and functioning of an individual within a society. This is the reason most of those who advocated for the establishment of laws and rights protecting these groups (Jones, 2014). Extreme aversion therapies were utilized to prevent the phenomenon of the culturally unfit sexuality which included castration and exposure to shock among other crude methods. Nonetheless, it is indisputable that some of these individuals have other underlying mental and sexual disorders known as paraphilia. The behaviours involved are destructive or hurtful to oneself, partner or threatening to the community as a whole. The most commonly known paraphilia are exhibitionism, fetishism, frotteurism, pedophilia, sexual masochism, sexual sadism, voyeurism, transvestic fetishism, telephone scatalogia that develops out of sexting, necrophilia, partialism, cunnilingus, fellatio, anilingus, zoophilia, coprophilia, klismaphilia, urophilia and hypoxyphilia (Tasman, 2015). Some of these disorders are severe while others are less serious and worried about in the society. In the same way, some of them can attract punishment and legal implications from the authorities. They were considered a patho logical condition which violated the social norms according to Jones (2014), in the 1970s through to 1990s and up to now, perception and perspectives around the issue of sexuality have changed significantly. Among the notable changes was the removal of homosexuality by the American psychological Association as a mental disorder from their list of mental and behavioural disorders. Professional guidance and counselling were being provided by individuals employed in government agencies to specifically address and provide psychological and emotional support for those affected by the issue. Additionally, several support groups were formed whose purposes were to empower not only the affected but also the general public as well as to provide and promote treatment for them when it was deemed necessary and possible. Nevertheless, there were reported public opposition, and violence against any meeting meant to serve and empower those having problems with sexuality. The Intersex Society of Nor th America (ISNA) was formed in 1993. Moreover, Lesbians, Gays, Bisexual and Transgender association, a support group had been established earlier in 1969 which staged a demonstration against police attacks and harassment to those whose sexual orientation was not with conformity with the cultural norms. Consequently, between the mid-20th century and now, most American people have generally become more accepting to same-sex sexual activities, treating it as a lifestyle. These perceptual changes have been termed by the media in the modern era as sexual revolution (James Newsweek, 2015) In terms of local and international law and human rights, bold advances have been made to establish protective laws for lesbian, gay, and lesbian communities. There are no special laws and rights that are meant to protect these individuals but are guaranteed in the general rights, ethical principles and legislation that apply to other normal people with a heterosexual orientation. Even though rights to non-discrimination have not been achieved by all persons throughout the republic, there has been a significant improvement on how they are handled and considered. In the international arena, universal human rights were established in 1958 one of them being the ILO convention package of human rights. The African Union, the European Union and other organizations together with the countries making them have since adopted these rights and incorporated them in their respective constitutions, federal and local laws (Friedman, 2012). A number of factors have been attributed to the changes that have occurred not only in the American society but also in other places around the world include cultural diversity, globalization, and advancement in technologies. Medical discoveries on artificial methods of birth control also have to some extent impacted on how people perceive sexuality (Friedman, 2012) As a matter of fact, some people in the lesbian community believe that due to dramatic changes in hormonal profiles that occur in the body with the use of contraceptives, their sexual attraction becomes oriented towards other females, hence explaining their sexual nature. Furthermore, an explosive increase in population and concentration in the urban areas has led to change in traditional gender roles which consequently results in sexual behaviour change and same-sex relationships. According to the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental illnesses, psychiatrists explain that sexual tendencies can be caused by biologic al factors such as destruction of the limbic system that leads to hypersexual behaviour, the existence of temporal lobe tumours, abnormal level of androgens in the body, and violent sexual offenders. Psychoanalytic factors that include failed developmental process include failure to resolve Oedipal and Electra crisis. Behavioural factors depend on the reinforcement one receives following an exhibition of a particular behaviour. Moreover, media has considerably contributed to how information about can be easily acquired and attitude of people. The media platforms that have been implicated are television, movies, drama performances and music among other art shows. It has been stipulated that more than 90% of the American teens have access to television and other media. Furthermore, sexual content in the media exposed to them leads to early sexual intercourse in more than 50% of them with a likelihood of teen pregnancies. On the other hand, showing the risks of sex in media helps educa te the general public especially the vulnerable such as teenagers about the consequences of particular sexual behaviours. Unrestricted internet access and telecommunication have also had a significant impact on individuals with their sexualities. Access to pornographic contents by teens and adults have psychological, mental and behavioural effects on most of the individuals, a tendency that seems to result in sexual experimentations with self, others and in some instances sexual violence which is detrimental to the societal coexistence (Vernacchio, 2014). Lastly, the other aspects with equally important influence on the matters of sexuality are government and institutional policies, the existence of lawyers and other professionals of all sexual orientations and religion. This essay has explored the perspective change of sexuality in America and general view of the issue globally. Technology, media, education and cultural relativism and modernization have contributed to these changes. Initially, people received banishment and severe punishment if they exhibited behaviours that depicted sexuality that was not acceptable in the popular culture. Establishment of human rights and laws that were indiscriminate have enhanced the peoples acceptance of same-sex sexual activities as well as the incorporation of this status and rights in government and institutional policies. Religious and family integration of the affected individuals has shown significant support from the gay, lesbian, transgender and bisexual communities. Thus, as much as sexuality remains a controversial issue in most places globally, there have been advances that have been experienced which can be recommendable by human rights watch agencies. References Ciment, J 2014, Social issues in America: An encyclopedia, Sharpe, Boston, Massachusetts: Credo Reference, Armonk, New York. Friedman, M, 2012, Human rights, Heinemann Library, Chicago. James, E. L., Newsweek 2015,The Fifty shades phenomenon: Exploring a sexual revolution, Media Lab Books, New York. Jones, A 2014, Sexuality,The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Murphy, K, P Spear, J, M 2011,Historicising gender and sexuality, Wiley-Blackwell, Malden. Tasman, A, 2015,Psychiatry, Wiley-Blackwell, West Sussex, England. Vernacchio, A, 2014, For goodness sex: Changing the way we talk to teens about sexuality, values, and health, Harper, an imprint of HarperCollins Publishers, New York.